231.4 Shoulder Width - Revision history

Hoskir: /* 231.4.3.2 Design */ updated JSP links

2023-03-03T21:56:01Z

231.4.3.2 Design: updated JSP links

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:56, 3 March 2023
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	Typically, shoulder widening projects are constructed in conjunction with a resurfacing/overlay project. This allows the newly widened shoulder to be overlaid with the same surface material as the travelway lanes. Edgeline rumble strips are a safety enhancement that should be considered with shoulder widening construction. (Refer to [[:Category:626 Rumble Strips\|EPG 626 Rumble Strips]] for guidance.)		Typically, shoulder widening projects are constructed in conjunction with a resurfacing/overlay project. This allows the newly widened shoulder to be overlaid with the same surface material as the travelway lanes. Edgeline rumble strips are a safety enhancement that should be considered with shoulder widening construction. (Refer to [[:Category:626 Rumble Strips\|EPG 626 Rumble Strips]] for guidance.)

	The standard shoulder widening design should include a bituminous base (paid in tons), placed on a compacted subgrade and capped with an asphalt surface that is placed monolithic with the roadway resurfacing. An optional concrete typical section should be included in the plans showing a concrete base in lieu of the bituminous base and capped with an asphalt surface that is placed monolithic with the roadway resurfacing. Include the [https://~~spexternal~~.modot.~~mo.gov~~/~~sites/de~~/JSP/~~Forms/JSPByTitle~~.~~aspx~~ Special Provision Optional Shoulder (JSP-13-03)], which details how a no-cost change order will be issued to accommodate a contractor’s choice to use a concrete base. Placement of an aggregate base under the bituminous base is not typically necessary; however, if the existing subgrade is determined to be unstable, a 4-inch aggregate base should be included with both the asphalt and concrete option. Typically, the thickness of the bituminous base is increased by 2 inches in lieu of a 4-inch aggregate base.		The standard shoulder widening design should include a bituminous base (paid in tons), placed on a compacted subgrade and capped with an asphalt surface that is placed monolithic with the roadway resurfacing. An optional concrete typical section should be included in the plans showing a concrete base in lieu of the bituminous base and capped with an asphalt surface that is placed monolithic with the roadway resurfacing. Include the [https://epg.modot.org/forms/JSP/JSP1303.docx Special Provision Optional Shoulder (JSP-13-03)], which details how a no-cost change order will be issued to accommodate a contractor’s choice to use a concrete base. Placement of an aggregate base under the bituminous base is not typically necessary; however, if the existing subgrade is determined to be unstable, a 4-inch aggregate base should be included with both the asphalt and concrete option. Typically, the thickness of the bituminous base is increased by 2 inches in lieu of a 4-inch aggregate base.

	The Type A1, A2 and A3 standards are only appropriate for shoulders constructed with new pavements and should not be used for shoulder widening projects. Use of pay items in square yards should also be avoided for shoulder widening projects.		The Type A1, A2 and A3 standards are only appropriate for shoulders constructed with new pavements and should not be used for shoulder widening projects. Use of pay items in square yards should also be avoided for shoulder widening projects.

	To address excavation, grading and backfilling, [https://~~spexternal~~.modot.~~mo.gov~~/~~sites/de~~/JSP/~~Forms/JSPByTitle~~.~~aspx~~ Special Provision Shoulder Grading NJSP-15-27A] should be included in the contract documents, along with the following pay item:		To address excavation, grading and backfilling, [https://epg.modot.org/forms/JSP/NJSP1527.docx Special Provision Shoulder Grading NJSP-15-27A] should be included in the contract documents, along with the following pay item:

	::212-99.00 Misc. Shoulder Grading.		::212-99.00 Misc. Shoulder Grading.

Smithk: Per TP, updated Major Highway System map

2022-06-03T13:11:30Z

Per TP, updated Major Highway System map

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:11, 3 June 2022
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	In addition, new paved shoulders may be included as part of rehabilitation projects if safety funding is available for this part of the project cost and if a reasonable expectation of severe crashes exists. A benefit cost (B/C) analysis should be completed to ensure the location being considered for shoulders will provide a good return on investment. This analysis should compare the expected reduction in fatal and serious injury crashes over the life of the treatment to the costs of the safety improvement. For segments with an AADT of 4,500 or greater, a systemic B/C of 12:1 has already been calculated by the Highway Safety and Traffic Division. For segments with and AADT between 2,500 and 4,500, a systemic B/C of 8:1 has already been calculated. For segments with less than 2,500 AADT, a separate B/C analysis will need to be performed. A B/C analysis for 1,000 to 2,500 AADT should be performed by [http://sp/sites/ts/Pages/default.aspx Highway Safety and Traffic] to allow for systemic analysis.		In addition, new paved shoulders may be included as part of rehabilitation projects if safety funding is available for this part of the project cost and if a reasonable expectation of severe crashes exists. A benefit cost (B/C) analysis should be completed to ensure the location being considered for shoulders will provide a good return on investment. This analysis should compare the expected reduction in fatal and serious injury crashes over the life of the treatment to the costs of the safety improvement. For segments with an AADT of 4,500 or greater, a systemic B/C of 12:1 has already been calculated by the Highway Safety and Traffic Division. For segments with and AADT between 2,500 and 4,500, a systemic B/C of 8:1 has already been calculated. For segments with less than 2,500 AADT, a separate B/C analysis will need to be performed. A B/C analysis for 1,000 to 2,500 AADT should be performed by [http://sp/sites/ts/Pages/default.aspx Highway Safety and Traffic] to allow for systemic analysis.

	===231.4.2.1 Rural [[media:144 Major Highway System ~~2021~~.pdf\| Major Routes]]===		===231.4.2.1 Rural [[media:144 Major Highway System 2022.pdf\| Major Routes]]===
	For rural major routes, rehabilitation projects shall provide a 4-ft. minimum, paved shoulder. A design exception shall be submitted when providing a 4-ft. paved shoulder is not feasible or practical. Always consider the context of the surrounding route. New construction projects should provide shoulders with a width of 4 feet to 10 feet.		For rural major routes, rehabilitation projects shall provide a 4-ft. minimum, paved shoulder. A design exception shall be submitted when providing a 4-ft. paved shoulder is not feasible or practical. Always consider the context of the surrounding route. New construction projects should provide shoulders with a width of 4 feet to 10 feet.
	[[image:231.4.1.2.jpg\|right\|300px]]		[[image:231.4.1.2.jpg\|right\|300px]]

Smithk: updated major highway system map

2021-06-04T15:38:17Z

updated major highway system map

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:38, 4 June 2021
Line 17:		Line 17:
	In addition, new paved shoulders may be included as part of rehabilitation projects if safety funding is available for this part of the project cost and if a reasonable expectation of severe crashes exists. A benefit cost (B/C) analysis should be completed to ensure the location being considered for shoulders will provide a good return on investment. This analysis should compare the expected reduction in fatal and serious injury crashes over the life of the treatment to the costs of the safety improvement. For segments with an AADT of 4,500 or greater, a systemic B/C of 12:1 has already been calculated by the Highway Safety and Traffic Division. For segments with and AADT between 2,500 and 4,500, a systemic B/C of 8:1 has already been calculated. For segments with less than 2,500 AADT, a separate B/C analysis will need to be performed. A B/C analysis for 1,000 to 2,500 AADT should be performed by [http://sp/sites/ts/Pages/default.aspx Highway Safety and Traffic] to allow for systemic analysis.		In addition, new paved shoulders may be included as part of rehabilitation projects if safety funding is available for this part of the project cost and if a reasonable expectation of severe crashes exists. A benefit cost (B/C) analysis should be completed to ensure the location being considered for shoulders will provide a good return on investment. This analysis should compare the expected reduction in fatal and serious injury crashes over the life of the treatment to the costs of the safety improvement. For segments with an AADT of 4,500 or greater, a systemic B/C of 12:1 has already been calculated by the Highway Safety and Traffic Division. For segments with and AADT between 2,500 and 4,500, a systemic B/C of 8:1 has already been calculated. For segments with less than 2,500 AADT, a separate B/C analysis will need to be performed. A B/C analysis for 1,000 to 2,500 AADT should be performed by [http://sp/sites/ts/Pages/default.aspx Highway Safety and Traffic] to allow for systemic analysis.

	===231.4.2.1 Rural [[media:144 Major Highway System.pdf\| Major Routes]]===		===231.4.2.1 Rural [[media:144 Major Highway System 2021.pdf\| Major Routes]]===
	For rural major routes, rehabilitation projects shall provide a 4-ft. minimum, paved shoulder. A design exception shall be submitted when providing a 4-ft. paved shoulder is not feasible or practical. Always consider the context of the surrounding route. New construction projects should provide shoulders with a width of 4 feet to 10 feet.		For rural major routes, rehabilitation projects shall provide a 4-ft. minimum, paved shoulder. A design exception shall be submitted when providing a 4-ft. paved shoulder is not feasible or practical. Always consider the context of the surrounding route. New construction projects should provide shoulders with a width of 4 feet to 10 feet.
	[[image:231.4.1.2.jpg\|right\|300px]]		[[image:231.4.1.2.jpg\|right\|300px]]

Smithk: /* 231.4.2.1 Rural Major Routes */ updated link

2021-02-09T13:32:48Z

231.4.2.1 Rural Major Routes: updated link

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:32, 9 February 2021
Line 17:		Line 17:
	In addition, new paved shoulders may be included as part of rehabilitation projects if safety funding is available for this part of the project cost and if a reasonable expectation of severe crashes exists. A benefit cost (B/C) analysis should be completed to ensure the location being considered for shoulders will provide a good return on investment. This analysis should compare the expected reduction in fatal and serious injury crashes over the life of the treatment to the costs of the safety improvement. For segments with an AADT of 4,500 or greater, a systemic B/C of 12:1 has already been calculated by the Highway Safety and Traffic Division. For segments with and AADT between 2,500 and 4,500, a systemic B/C of 8:1 has already been calculated. For segments with less than 2,500 AADT, a separate B/C analysis will need to be performed. A B/C analysis for 1,000 to 2,500 AADT should be performed by [http://sp/sites/ts/Pages/default.aspx Highway Safety and Traffic] to allow for systemic analysis.		In addition, new paved shoulders may be included as part of rehabilitation projects if safety funding is available for this part of the project cost and if a reasonable expectation of severe crashes exists. A benefit cost (B/C) analysis should be completed to ensure the location being considered for shoulders will provide a good return on investment. This analysis should compare the expected reduction in fatal and serious injury crashes over the life of the treatment to the costs of the safety improvement. For segments with an AADT of 4,500 or greater, a systemic B/C of 12:1 has already been calculated by the Highway Safety and Traffic Division. For segments with and AADT between 2,500 and 4,500, a systemic B/C of 8:1 has already been calculated. For segments with less than 2,500 AADT, a separate B/C analysis will need to be performed. A B/C analysis for 1,000 to 2,500 AADT should be performed by [http://sp/sites/ts/Pages/default.aspx Highway Safety and Traffic] to allow for systemic analysis.

	===231.4.2.1 Rural [~~http~~:~~//sharepoint/systemdelivery/TP/sysanlysis/dmas/Shared%20Documents/Maps/MajorHighwaySystem8302015~~.pdf Major Routes]===		===231.4.2.1 Rural [[media:144 Major Highway System.pdf\| Major Routes]]===
	For rural major routes, rehabilitation projects shall provide a 4-ft. minimum, paved shoulder. A design exception shall be submitted when providing a 4-ft. paved shoulder is not feasible or practical. Always consider the context of the surrounding route. New construction projects should provide shoulders with a width of 4 feet to 10 feet.		For rural major routes, rehabilitation projects shall provide a 4-ft. minimum, paved shoulder. A design exception shall be submitted when providing a 4-ft. paved shoulder is not feasible or practical. Always consider the context of the surrounding route. New construction projects should provide shoulders with a width of 4 feet to 10 feet.
	[[image:231.4.1.2.jpg\|right\|300px]]		[[image:231.4.1.2.jpg\|right\|300px]]

Smithk: /* 231.4.3.2 Design */ Per CM and EPS, further clarified shoulder design and construction processes

2021-02-02T19:18:10Z

231.4.3.2 Design: Per CM and EPS, further clarified shoulder design and construction processes

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:18, 2 February 2021
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	The standard shoulder widening design should include a bituminous base (paid in tons), placed on a compacted subgrade and capped with an asphalt surface that is placed monolithic with the roadway resurfacing. An optional concrete typical section should be included in the plans showing a concrete base in lieu of the bituminous base and capped with an asphalt surface that is placed monolithic with the roadway resurfacing. Include the [https://spexternal.modot.mo.gov/sites/de/JSP/Forms/JSPByTitle.aspx Special Provision Optional Shoulder (JSP-13-03)], which details how a no-cost change order will be issued to accommodate a contractor’s choice to use a concrete base. Placement of an aggregate base under the bituminous base is not typically necessary; however, if the existing subgrade is determined to be unstable, a 4-inch aggregate base should be included with both the asphalt and concrete option. Typically, the thickness of the bituminous base is increased by 2 inches in lieu of a 4-inch aggregate base.		The standard shoulder widening design should include a bituminous base (paid in tons), placed on a compacted subgrade and capped with an asphalt surface that is placed monolithic with the roadway resurfacing. An optional concrete typical section should be included in the plans showing a concrete base in lieu of the bituminous base and capped with an asphalt surface that is placed monolithic with the roadway resurfacing. Include the [https://spexternal.modot.mo.gov/sites/de/JSP/Forms/JSPByTitle.aspx Special Provision Optional Shoulder (JSP-13-03)], which details how a no-cost change order will be issued to accommodate a contractor’s choice to use a concrete base. Placement of an aggregate base under the bituminous base is not typically necessary; however, if the existing subgrade is determined to be unstable, a 4-inch aggregate base should be included with both the asphalt and concrete option. Typically, the thickness of the bituminous base is increased by 2 inches in lieu of a 4-inch aggregate base.

	The Type A2 and A3 standards are only appropriate for shoulders constructed with new pavements and should not be used for shoulder widening projects. Use of pay items in square yards should also be avoided for shoulder widening projects.		The Type A1, A2 and A3 standards are only appropriate for shoulders constructed with new pavements and should not be used for shoulder widening projects. Use of pay items in square yards should also be avoided for shoulder widening projects.

	To address excavation, grading and backfilling, [https://spexternal.modot.mo.gov/sites/de/JSP/Forms/JSPByTitle.aspx Special Provision Shoulder Grading NJSP-15-27A] should be included in the contract documents, along with the following pay item:		To address excavation, grading and backfilling, [https://spexternal.modot.mo.gov/sites/de/JSP/Forms/JSPByTitle.aspx Special Provision Shoulder Grading NJSP-15-27A] should be included in the contract documents, along with the following pay item:

Smithk: Per EPS, standardized the construction of shoulder widening projects across all districts; Type A2 and Type A3 shoulders are used only in conjunction with the construction of new pavement. EPG 231.4.3 Shoulder Widening Projects revised and moved from EPG Minor Routes Shouldering Project Guidelines

2021-02-01T19:11:36Z

Per EPS, standardized the construction of shoulder widening projects across all districts; Type A2 and Type A3 shoulders are used only in conjunction with the construction of new pavement. EPG 231.4.3 Shoulder Widening Projects revised and moved from EPG Minor Routes Shouldering Project Guidelines

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 Regardless of the width, a shoulder functions best when it is continuous.  The full benefits of a shoulder are not realized unless it provides a driver with refuge at any point along the traveled way.  A continuous shoulder provides a sense of security so all drivers making emergency stops will leave the traveled way.  Although continuous shoulders are preferred, narrow shoulders and intermittent shoulders are still superior to no shoulders at all.
-====231.4.1.1  Rural [[media:144 Major Highway System.pdf|Major Routes]]====
+==231.4.2 Pavement Resurfacing and Rehabilitation Projects==
-For rural major routes, rehabilitation projects are to provide a minimum 4 ft. shoulder.  Always consider the context of the surrounding route.  New construction projects will provide 10 ft. shoulders.
+In addition, new paved shoulders may be included as part of rehabilitation projects if safety funding is available for this part of the project cost and if a reasonable expectation of severe crashes exists.  A benefit cost (B/C) analysis should be completed to ensure the location being considered for shoulders will provide a good return on investment. This analysis should compare the expected reduction in fatal and serious injury crashes over the life of the treatment to the costs of the safety improvement. For segments with an AADT of 4,500 or greater, a systemic B/C of 12:1 has already been calculated by the Highway Safety and Traffic Division. For segments with and AADT between 2,500 and 4,500, a systemic B/C of 8:1 has already been calculated. For segments with less than 2,500 AADT, a separate B/C analysis will need to be performed.  A B/C analysis for 1,000 to 2,500 AADT should be performed by [http://sp/sites/ts/Pages/default.aspx Highway Safety and Traffic] to allow for systemic analysis.
 [[image:231.4.1.2.jpg|right|300px]]
-====231.4.1.2  Rural Minor Routes====
+===231.4.2.2 Rural Minor Routes===
 [[category:231 Typical Section Elements for Roadways|231.04]]

Smithk: /* 231.4.1.1 Rural []media:144 Major Highway System.pdf|Major Routes]] */

2020-09-29T19:47:33Z

231.4.1.1 Rural []media:144 Major Highway System.pdf|Major Routes]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:47, 29 September 2020
Line 12:		Line 12:
	Regardless of the width, a shoulder functions best when it is continuous. The full benefits of a shoulder are not realized unless it provides a driver with refuge at any point along the traveled way. A continuous shoulder provides a sense of security so all drivers making emergency stops will leave the traveled way. Although continuous shoulders are preferred, narrow shoulders and intermittent shoulders are still superior to no shoulders at all.		Regardless of the width, a shoulder functions best when it is continuous. The full benefits of a shoulder are not realized unless it provides a driver with refuge at any point along the traveled way. A continuous shoulder provides a sense of security so all drivers making emergency stops will leave the traveled way. Although continuous shoulders are preferred, narrow shoulders and intermittent shoulders are still superior to no shoulders at all.

	====231.4.1.1 Rural []media:144 Major Highway System.pdf\|Major Routes]]====		====231.4.1.1 Rural [[media:144 Major Highway System.pdf\|Major Routes]]====

	For rural major routes, rehabilitation projects are to provide a minimum 4 ft. shoulder. Always consider the context of the surrounding route. New construction projects will provide 10 ft. shoulders.		For rural major routes, rehabilitation projects are to provide a minimum 4 ft. shoulder. Always consider the context of the surrounding route. New construction projects will provide 10 ft. shoulders.

Smithk: /* 231.4.1.1 Rural Major Routes */ updated link

2020-09-29T19:47:21Z

231.4.1.1 Rural Major Routes: updated link

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:47, 29 September 2020
Line 12:		Line 12:
	Regardless of the width, a shoulder functions best when it is continuous. The full benefits of a shoulder are not realized unless it provides a driver with refuge at any point along the traveled way. A continuous shoulder provides a sense of security so all drivers making emergency stops will leave the traveled way. Although continuous shoulders are preferred, narrow shoulders and intermittent shoulders are still superior to no shoulders at all.		Regardless of the width, a shoulder functions best when it is continuous. The full benefits of a shoulder are not realized unless it provides a driver with refuge at any point along the traveled way. A continuous shoulder provides a sense of security so all drivers making emergency stops will leave the traveled way. Although continuous shoulders are preferred, narrow shoulders and intermittent shoulders are still superior to no shoulders at all.

	====231.4.1.1 Rural [~~http~~:~~//sharepoint/systemdelivery/TP/sysanlysis/dmas/Shared%20Documents/Maps/MajorHighwaySystem8302015~~.pdf Major Routes]====		====231.4.1.1 Rural []media:144 Major Highway System.pdf\|Major Routes]]====

	For rural major routes, rehabilitation projects are to provide a minimum 4 ft. shoulder. Always consider the context of the surrounding route. New construction projects will provide 10 ft. shoulders.		For rural major routes, rehabilitation projects are to provide a minimum 4 ft. shoulder. Always consider the context of the surrounding route. New construction projects will provide 10 ft. shoulders.

EPGsysop: /* 231.4.1 Introduction */ Per DE, revised guidance about guardrail placement from the edge of the shoulder to bring guidance in line with Std Plan 606.00.

2018-05-09T13:46:06Z

231.4.1 Introduction: Per DE, revised guidance about guardrail placement from the edge of the shoulder to bring guidance in line with Std Plan 606.00.

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:46, 9 May 2018
Line 7:		Line 7:

	On urban roadways, the shoulder is located inside a curb. Surfaced areas behind curbs located on urban roadways may be perceived as a sidewalk and thus subject to ADA requirements. Therefore, a surfaced area is not to be provided behind a mountable curb.		On urban roadways, the shoulder is located inside a curb. Surfaced areas behind curbs located on urban roadways may be perceived as a sidewalk and thus subject to ADA requirements. Therefore, a surfaced area is not to be provided behind a mountable curb.
			<div id="A minimum shy distance at least"></div>
	~~When~~ roadside barriers, walls, or other vertical elements are present, the shoulder that is provided ~~must~~ be wide enough to ensure the vertical element is offset 2 ft. from the edge of the ~~useable shoulder~~. ~~This is~~ also ~~true~~ when ~~guardrail is placed along the roadway~~.		A minimum shy distance at least 2 ft. wide is often used to increase roadside safety when roadside barriers, walls or other vertical elements are present in the roadway. A shoulder that is provided should be wide enough to ensure the vertical element is offset at least 2 ft. from the edge of the traveled way to provide the minimum 2 ft. wide shy distance. Chapter 5 of AASHTO's ''Roadside Design Guide'' provides design guidelines for selecting and designing a roadside barrier system. Chapter 3 of AASHTO's ''Roadside Design Guide'' discusses the clear zone concept that should also be consulted when considering roadside barrier systems.

	Regardless of the width, a shoulder functions best when it is continuous. The full benefits of a shoulder are not realized unless it provides a driver with refuge at any point along the traveled way. A continuous shoulder provides a sense of security so all drivers making emergency stops will leave the traveled way. Although continuous shoulders are preferred, narrow shoulders and intermittent shoulders are still superior to no shoulders at all.		Regardless of the width, a shoulder functions best when it is continuous. The full benefits of a shoulder are not realized unless it provides a driver with refuge at any point along the traveled way. A continuous shoulder provides a sense of security so all drivers making emergency stops will leave the traveled way. Although continuous shoulders are preferred, narrow shoulders and intermittent shoulders are still superior to no shoulders at all.

Smithk: updated link

2016-02-02T14:23:15Z

updated link

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:23, 2 February 2016
Line 12:		Line 12:
	Regardless of the width, a shoulder functions best when it is continuous. The full benefits of a shoulder are not realized unless it provides a driver with refuge at any point along the traveled way. A continuous shoulder provides a sense of security so all drivers making emergency stops will leave the traveled way. Although continuous shoulders are preferred, narrow shoulders and intermittent shoulders are still superior to no shoulders at all.		Regardless of the width, a shoulder functions best when it is continuous. The full benefits of a shoulder are not realized unless it provides a driver with refuge at any point along the traveled way. A continuous shoulder provides a sense of security so all drivers making emergency stops will leave the traveled way. Although continuous shoulders are preferred, narrow shoulders and intermittent shoulders are still superior to no shoulders at all.

	====231.4.1.1 Rural [http://sharepoint/systemdelivery/TP/sysanlysis/dmas/Shared%20Documents/Maps/~~MajorHighwaySystem2015~~.pdf Major Routes]====		====231.4.1.1 Rural [http://sharepoint/systemdelivery/TP/sysanlysis/dmas/Shared%20Documents/Maps/MajorHighwaySystem8302015.pdf Major Routes]====

	For rural major routes, rehabilitation projects are to provide a minimum 4 ft. shoulder. Always consider the context of the surrounding route. New construction projects will provide 10 ft. shoulders.		For rural major routes, rehabilitation projects are to provide a minimum 4 ft. shoulder. Always consider the context of the surrounding route. New construction projects will provide 10 ft. shoulders.