616.14 Types of Temporary Traffic Control Zone Activities (MUTCD Chapter 6N)
616.14.1 Work Duration (Section 6N.01)
Support. Work duration is a major factor in determining the number and types of devices used in TTC zones. The duration of a TTC zone is defined relative to the length of time a work operation occupies a spot location.
Standard. The categories of work duration and their time at a location shall be defined as follows:
- A. Long-term stationary is work that occupies a location more than 3 days.
- B. Intermediate-term stationary is work that occupies a location more than one daylight period up to 3 days, or nighttime work lasting more than 1 hour.
- C. Short-term stationary is daytime work that occupies a location for more than 1 hour within a single daylight period.
- D. Short duration is work that occupies a location up to 1 hour.
- E. Mobile is work that moves intermittently or continuously.
- F. Emergency operations include unplanned work. Within MoDOT, these operations consist of the initial response to and repair/removal of safety concerns including Response Priority 1 items (refer to MoDOT's Incident Response Plan).
616.14.1.1 Long-term Stationary
Support. At long-term stationary TTC zones, there is ample time to install and realize benefits from the full range of TTC procedures and devices that are available for use. Larger channelizing devices, temporary roadways, and temporary traffic barriers are frequently used.
Standard. Since long-term operations extend into nighttime, retroreflective and/or illuminated devices shall be used in long-term stationary TTC zones.
616.14.1.2 Intermediate-term Stationary
Support. In intermediate-term stationary TTC zones, it might not be feasible or practical to use procedures or devices that would be desirable for long-term stationary TTC zones, such as altered pavement markings, temporary traffic barriers, and temporary roadways. The increased time to place and remove these devices in some cases could significantly lengthen the project, thus increasing exposure time.
Standard. Since intermediate-term operations extend into nighttime, retroreflective and/or illuminated devices shall be used in intermediate-term stationary TTC zones.
616.14.1.3 Short-term Stationary
Support. Most maintenance and utility operations are short-term stationary work.
In these operations, procedures and devices are usually simplified when compared to intermediate and long-term stationary operations because workers are present to maintain and monitor the temporary traffic control zone, the zone is only set up during daylight hours and it is only in place for a relatively short period of time. Portable signs, arrow boards, channelizers, fleet lighting, protective vehicles, and truck-mounted attenuators are devices generally incorporated into the temporary traffic control plan for these operations.
Several operations where workers and equipment move along the road without stopping, usually at slow speeds, are set up with short-term stationary guidance with the ability to reduce or eliminate channelizers. With the constant movement, advance warning area must be maintained within the work area.
616.14.1.4 Short duration
As compared to stationary operations, short-duration operations are activities that might involve different treatments. Devices having greater mobility might be necessary such as signs mounted on trucks. Devices that are larger, more imposing, or more visible can be used effectively and economically. Short duration operations involve workers who are outside of vehicles making individual short stops for work activities such as litter cleanup, isolated pothole patching isolated crack sealing, utility operations or signal repair.
Guidance. Safety in short-duration operations should not be compromised by using fewer devices simply because the operation will have a short duration.
Guidance. When short-duration operations are being performed, a shadow vehicle equipped with an arrow board or a sign should follow the work vehicle, especially when vehicular traffic speeds or volumes are high. Where feasible, warning signs should be placed along the roadway and moved periodically as work progresses.
To avoid high-volume conditions, consideration should be given to scheduling short-duration operations work during off-peak hours.
If there are short-duration operations on a high-speed travel lane of a multi-lane divided highway, arrow boards should be used."
Standard. Short-duration operations shall have appropriate devices on the equipment (that is, high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights, signs, or special lighting), or shall use a separate vehicle with appropriate warning devices. Although vehicle hazard warning lights are permitted to be used to supplement high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights, they shall not be used instead of these devices.
Option. For short-duration operations that move at speeds of less than 3 mph, mobile signs or stationary signing that is periodically retrieved and repositioned in the advance warning area may be used.
Support. During short-duration work, it often takes longer to set up and remove the TTC zone than to perform the work. Workers face hazards in setting up and taking down the TTC zone. Also, since the work time is short, delays affecting road users are significantly increased when additional devices are installed and removed.
Knowledge of historical traffic conditions are considered when selecting the amount of temporary traffic control to be used on short-duration projects. Traffic conditions need to be monitored throughout the work operation to determine if adjustments are needed to address traffic impacts.
Option. Considering these factors, simplified control procedures may be warranted for short-duration work. A reduction in the number of devices may be offset by the use of other more dominant devices such as high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on work vehicles.
Flaggers may be used for short-duration operations that often involve frequent short stops on two-lane two-way roads.
Flags and/or channelizing devices may be used and moved periodically to keep them near the work area.
Appropriately colored or marked vehicles augmented with signs, arrow boards, and with high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights may be used in place of signs and channelizing devices for short-duration operations.
Support. Short-duration operations also include work activities where workers and equipment move along the road without stopping, usually at slow speeds. The advance warning area moves with the work area.
616.14.1.5 Mobile Operations
Support. As compared to stationary and short duration operations, mobile operations are activities which workers rarely exit their vehicles during the operation, such as retrieving large debris during sweeping, quick adjustment while striping, and mowing. Devices having greater mobility might be necessary such as signs mounted on trucks. Devices that are larger, more imposing, or more visible can be used effectively and economically. The mobility of the TTC zone is important.
Guidance. Safety in mobile operations should not be compromised by using fewer devices simply because the operation will frequently change its location.
When mobile operations are being performed, a shadow vehicle equipped with an arrow board or a sign should follow the work vehicle, especially when vehicular traffic speeds or volumes are high. Where feasible, warning signs should be placed along the roadway and moved periodically as work progresses.
To avoid high-volume conditions, consideration should be given to scheduling mobile operations work during off-peak hours.
If there are mobile operations on a high-speed travel lane of a multi-lane divided highway, arrow boards should be used.
Standard. Mobile operations shall have appropriate devices on the equipment (that is, high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights, signs, or special lighting), or shall use a separate vehicle with appropriate warning devices. Although vehicle hazard warning lights are permitted to be used to supplement high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights, they shall not be used instead of these devices.
Option. For mobile operations that move at speeds of less than 3 mph, mobile signs or stationary signing that is periodically retrieved and repositioned in the advance warning area may be used.
Support. A rolling roadblock is a method of TTC used to slow or stop traffic as a means of temporarily removing traffic from a roadway segment downstream of the road block. The rolling roadblock closes all lanes of traffic by using pacing vehicles to create a gap so that construction activities can be performed. Rolling roadblocks are used where long-term road closures using TTC devices are not needed. A rolling roadblock consists of one blocking/pacing vehicle per lane of traffic, a clearing vehicle, and an advance warning vehicle. The rolling roadblock is normally performed by law enforcement officers during off-peak hours.
See EPG 616.19.7 for information regarding Traffic Pacing.
616.14.1.6 Emergency Operations
Support. Emergency operations include unplanned work. Within MoDOT, these operations consist of the initial response to and repair/removal of safety concerns including Response Priority 1 items (see MoDOT's Incident Response Plan).
Short-duration operation guidelines and appropriate typical applications should be followed when performing Emergency Operations.
616.14.2 Location of Work (MUTCD Section 6N.02)
Support. EPG 616.3, EPG 616.13.4 and EPG 616.14.4 contain additional information regarding the steps to follow when pedestrian or bicycle facilities are affected by the worksite.
The choice of TTC needed for a TTC zone depends upon where the work is located. As a general rule, the closer the work is to road users (including bicyclists and pedestrians), the greater the number of TTC devices that are needed. Procedures are described later in EPG 616.14 for establishing TTC zones in the following locations:
- A. Outside the shoulder,
- B. On the shoulder with no encroachment,
- C. On the shoulder with minor encroachment,
- D. Within the median, and
- E. Within the traveled way.
Standard. When the work space is within the traveled way, except for short-duration and mobile operations, advance warning shall provide a general message that work is taking place and shall supply information about highway conditions. TTC devices shall clearly delineate the path roadway users are to follow through the TTC zone.
616.14.3 Modifications To Fulfill Special Needs (MUTCD Section 6N.03)
Support. The typical applications in EPG 616.16 illustrate commonly encountered situations in which TTC devices are employed.
Option. Other devices may be added to supplement the devices provided in the typical applications, and device spacing may be adjusted to provide additional reaction time. When conditions are less complex than those depicted in the typical applications, fewer devices may be needed.
Guidance. When conditions are more complex, typical applications should be modified by giving particular attention to the provisions set forth in EPG 616.1 and by incorporating appropriate devices and practices from the following list:
- A. Additional devices:
- Signs
- Arrow boards
- More channelizing devices at closer spacing (see EPG 616.13.4 for information regarding detectable edging for pedestrians)
- Temporary raised pavement markers
- Portable changeable message signs
- Temporary traffic control signals (including accessible pedestrian signals where not otherwise required)
- Temporary traffic barriers
- Crash cushions
- Screens
- Rumble strips
- . More delineation
- B. Upgrading of devices:
- A full complement of standard pavement markings
- Brighter and/or wider pavement markings
- Larger and/or brighter signs
- Channelizing devices with greater conspicuity
- Temporary traffic barriers in place of channelizing devices
- C. Improved geometrics at detours or crossovers
- D. Increased distances:
- Longer advance warning area
- Longer tapers
- E. Lighting:
- Temporary roadway lighting
- Floodlights
- F. Pedestrian routes and temporary facilities
- G. Bicycle diversions and temporary facilities
616.14.4 Work Affecting Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities (MUTCD Section 6N.04)
Support. It is not uncommon, particularly in urban areas, that road work and the associated TTC will affect existing pedestrian or bicycle facilities. It is essential that the needs of all road users, including pedestrians with disabilities, are considered in TTC zones.
In addition to specific provisions identified in EPG 616.14.5 through EPG 616.14.13, there are a number of provisions that might be applicable for all of the types of activities identified in EPG 616.
Guidance. Where pedestrian or bicyclist usage is high, the typical applications should be modified by giving particular attention to the provisions set forth in EPG 616.3, EPG 616.15, EPG 616.11.2 and EPG 616.13.4, and in other articles of EPG 616 related to accessibility and detectability provisions in TTC zones.
Pedestrians should be separated from the worksite by appropriate devices that maintain the accessibility and detectability for pedestrians with disabilities.
Bicyclists and pedestrians should not be exposed to unprotected excavations, open utility access, overhanging equipment, or other such conditions.
Except for short-duration and mobile operations, when a highway shoulder is occupied, a SHOULDER WORK (WO21-5) sign should be placed in advance of the activity area. When work is performed on a paved shoulder 8 feet or more in width, channelizing devices should be placed on a taper having a length that conforms to the requirements of a shoulder taper. Signs should be placed such that they do not narrow any existing pedestrian passages to less than 48 inches.
Pedestrian detours should be avoided since pedestrians rarely observe them and the cost of providing accessibility and detectability might outweigh the cost of maintaining a continuous route. Whenever possible, work should be done in a manner that does not create a need to detour pedestrians from existing routes or crossings.
Standard. Where pedestrian routes are closed, alternate pedestrian routes shall be provided.
When existing pedestrian facilities are disrupted, closed, or relocated in a TTC zone, the temporary facilities shall be detectable and shall include accessibility features consistent with the features present in the existing pedestrian facility.
Guidance. The continuity of a bikeway should be maintained through the TTC zone if practical.
Support. The continuity of a bikeway through the TTC zone is particularly important where bicyclists have been traveling on a shoulder, bicycle lane, or shared-use path adjacent to a general-purpose lane (having a speed limit greater than or equal to 35 miles per hour) and there would be a significant safety concern if bicyclists were to share that general-purpose lane through the TTC zone.
On roadways which are not bikeways but where bicyclists (when present) typically share lanes with motor vehicle traffic, the TTC plan and Typical Applications for general traffic will usually be adequate for bicyclists as well.
In order to maintain room for bicycle lanes through the TTC zone on a multi-lane roadway, one or more travel lanes could be closed.
Guidance. If a bikeway detour is unavoidable, it should be as short and direct as practical.
On-road bicyclists should not be directed onto a path or sidewalk intended for pedestrian use except where such a path or sidewalk is a shared-use path, or where no practical alternative is available (such as might be the case on a bridge in the course of a rehabilitation project).
If a portion of a bikeway is to be closed due to construction activities and the detoured bikeway follows a complex path not in the original bikeway corridor, then a full detour plan should be developed and implemented. The TTC for the detour of the bikeway should include all necessary advance warning (WO21 series) signs, detour (WO4-9 series) signs, and any other TTC devices necessary to guide bicyclists along the detour route.
Support. TA-47 through TA-51 provide examples and contain additional information for accommodating bicycles through or around typical TTC zones.
Option. If an on-street bikeway had a wide travel lane or lanes in which bicyclists traveled side by side with motor vehicles prior to construction, and construction activities reduce the lane width(s) to less than 14 feet through the TTC zone, then the BICYCLISTS ALLOWED USE OF FULL LANE (R9-20) sign may be used.
Standard. The minimum TTC sign and plaque sizes for shared-use paths shall conform to those shown in Table 914.1.2. The minimum TTC sign and plaque sizes for on-street bikeways shall conform to EPG 616.7, EPG 616.8, and EPG 616.9.
616.14.5 Work Outside of the Shoulder (MUTCD Section 6N.05)
Support. When work is being performed beyond the shoulders, but within the right-of-way, little or no TTC might be needed. TTC generally is not needed where work is confined to an area 15 feet or more from the edge of the traveled way. However, TTC is appropriate where distracting situations exist, such as vehicles parked on the shoulder, vehicles accessing the worksite via the highway, and equipment traveling on or crossing the roadway to perform the work operations (for example, mowing). A typical application for work beyond the shoulder is shown in TA-1.
Guidance. Where the situations described in the preceding paragraph exist, a single warning sign, such as ROAD WORK AHEAD (WO20-1), should be used. If the equipment travels on the roadway, the equipment should be equipped with appropriate flags, high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights, and/or a SLOW MOVING VEHICLE (WO21-4) sign.
If work vehicles are on the shoulder, a SHOULDER WORK (WO21-5) sign should be used.
Option. For mowing operations, the sign MOWING AHEAD (WO21-8) may be used.
Where the activity is spread out over a distance of more than 2 miles, the SHOULDER WORK (WO21-5) sign may be repeated every 1 mile.
A supplementary plaque with the message NEXT XX MILES (WO7-3aP) may be used.
616.14.6 Work on the Shoulder with No Encroachment (MUTCD Section 6N.06)
Support. The provisions of this article apply to short-term through long-term stationary operations.
Standard. When paved shoulders having a width of 8 feet or more are closed, at least one advance warning sign shall be used. In addition, channelizing devices shall be used to close the shoulder in advance to delineate the beginning of the work space and direct motor vehicle traffic to remain within the traveled way.
Guidance. When paved shoulders having a width of 8 feet or more are closed on freeways and expressways, road users should be warned about potential disabled vehicles that cannot get off the traveled way. An initial general warning sign, such as ROAD WORK AHEAD (WO20-1), should be used, followed by a RIGHT or LEFT SHOULDER CLOSED (WO21-5a) sign. Where the downstream end of the shoulder closure extends beyond the distance that can be perceived by road users, a supplementary plaque bearing the message NEXT XX FEET (WO16-4P) or MILES (WO7-3aP) should be placed below the SHOULDER CLOSED (WO21-5a) sign. On multi-lane, divided highways, signs advising of shoulder work or the condition of the shoulder should be placed only on the side of the affected shoulder.
When an improved shoulder is closed on a high-speed roadway, it should be treated as a closure of a portion of the road system because road users expect to be able to use it in emergencies. Road users should be given ample advance warning that shoulders are closed for use as refuge areas throughout a specified length of the approaching TTC zone. The sign(s) should read SHOULDER CLOSED (WO21-5a) with distances indicated. The work space on the shoulder should be closed off by a taper or channelizing devices with a length of ⅓ L using the formulas in Tables 616.2.8.1 and 616.2.8.2.
When the shoulder is not occupied but work has adversely affected its condition, the SOFT SHOULDER (WO8-4) sign should be used, as appropriate.
Where the condition extends over a distance in excess of 1 mile, the sign should be repeated at 1-mile intervals.
Option. In addition, a supplementary plaque bearing the message NEXT XX MILES (WO7-3aP) may be used.
Support. Temporary traffic barriers might be needed to inhibit encroachment of errant vehicles into the work space and to protect workers.
Standard. When used for shoulder work, arrow boards shall operate only in the caution mode.
Support. A typical application for stationary work operations on shoulders is shown in TA-3. A typical application for short-duration or mobile work on shoulders is shown in TA-4. A typical application for work on freeway shoulders is shown in TA-5.
616.14.7 Work on the Shoulder with Minor Encroachment (MUTCD Section 6N.07)
Support. EPG 616.3, EPG 616.13.4, and EPG 616.14.4 contain additional information regarding the steps to follow when pedestrian or bicycle facilities are affected by the worksite.
Guidance. When work takes up part of a lane, vehicular traffic volumes, vehicle mix (buses, trucks, cars, and bicycles), speed, and capacity should be analyzed to determine whether the affected lane should be closed. Unless the lane encroachment permits a remaining lane width of 10 feet, the lane should be closed.
Truck off-tracking should be considered when determining whether the minimum lane width of 10 feet is adequate.
Support. TA-6 illustrates a method for handling vehicular traffic where the stationary or short-duration work space encroaches slightly into the traveled way.
616.14.8 Work Within the Median (MUTCD Section 6N.08)
Support. EPG 616.3, EPG 616.13.4, and EPG 616.14.4 contain additional information regarding the steps to follow when pedestrian or bicycle facilities are affected by the worksite.
Guidance. If work in the median of a divided highway is within 15 feet from the edge of the traveled way for either direction of travel, TTC should be used through the use of advance warning signs and channelizing devices.
616.14.9 Work Within the Traveled Way of a Two-Lane Highway (MUTCD Section 6N.09)
Support. EPG 616.3, EPG 616.13.4, and EPG 616.14.4 contain additional information regarding the steps to follow when pedestrian or bicycle facilities are affected by the worksite.
Detour signs are used to direct road users onto another roadway. At diversions, road users are directed onto a temporary roadway or alignment placed within or adjacent to the right-of-way. Typical applications for detouring or diverting road users on two-lane highways are shown in TA-7, TA-8, and TA-9. TA-7 illustrates the controls around an area where a section of roadway has been closed and a diversion has been constructed. Channelizing devices and pavement markings are used to indicate the transition to the temporary roadway.
Guidance. When a detour is long, Detour (MO4-8, MO4-9) signs should be installed to remind and reassure road users periodically that they are still successfully following the detour.
When an entire roadway is closed, as illustrated in TA-8, a detour should be provided and road users should be warned in advance of the closure, which in this example is a closure 10 miles from the intersection. If local road users are allowed to use the roadway up to the closure, the ROAD CLOSED AHEAD, LOCAL TRAFFIC ONLY (R11-3a) sign should be used. The portion of the road open to local road users should have adequate signing, marking, and delineation.
Detours should be signed so that road users will be able to traverse the entire detour route and back to the original roadway as shown in TA-9.
Support. Techniques for controlling vehicular traffic under one-lane, two-way conditions are described in EPG 616.5.1.
Option. Flaggers may be used as shown in TA-10.
A temporary traffic control signal may be used as shown in TA-12.
616.14.10 Work Within the Traveled Way of an Urban Street (MUTCD Section 6N.10)
Support. EPG 616.3, EPG 616.13.4, and EPG 616.14.4 contain additional information regarding the steps to follow when pedestrian or bicycle facilities are affected by the worksite.
In urban TTC zones, decisions are needed on how to control vehicular traffic, such as how many lanes are required, whether any turns need to be prohibited at intersections, and how to maintain access to business, industrial, and residential areas.
Pedestrian traffic needs separate attention. EPG 616.3 contains information regarding pedestrian movements near TTC zones.
Standard. If the TTC zone affects the movement of bicyclists, adequate access to the roadway or shared-use paths shall be provided (see EPG 914 and EPG 641).
Where transit stops are affected or relocated because of work activity, both pedestrian and vehicular access to the affected or relocated transit stops shall be provided.
Guidance. If a designated bicycle route is closed because of the work being done, a signed alternate route should be provided. Bicyclists should not be directed onto the path used by pedestrians.
Worksites within the intersection should be protected against inadvertent pedestrian incursion by providing detectable channelizing devices.
Support. Utility work takes place both within and outside the roadway to construct and maintain services such as power, gas, light, water, or telecommunications. Operations often involve intersections, since that is where many of the network junctions occur. The work force is usually small, only a few vehicles are involved, and the number and types of TTC devices placed in the TTC zone is usually minimal.
Guidance. As discussed under short-duration projects, however, the reduced number of devices in utility TTC zones should be offset by the use of high-visibility devices, such as high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on work vehicles or high-level warning devices.
Support. TA-6, TA-10, TA-18, TA-21, TA-22, TA-23, TA-26, and TA-33 are examples of typical applications for utility operations. Other typical applications might apply as well.
616.14.11 Work Within the Traveled Way of a Multi-Lane, Non-Access Controlled Highway (MUTCD Section 6N.11)
Support. EPG 616.3, EPG 616.13.4, and EPG 616.14.4 contain additional information regarding the steps to follow when pedestrian or bicycle facilities are affected by the worksite.
Work on multi-lane (two or more lanes of moving motor vehicle traffic in one direction) highways is divided into right-lane closures, left-lane closures, interior-lane closures, multiple-lane closures, and closures on five-lane roadways.
Standard. When a lane is closed on a multi-lane road for other than a mobile operation, a transition area containing a merging taper shall be used.
Guidance. When justified by an engineering study, temporary traffic barriers (see EPG 616.11.9) should be used to prevent incursions of errant vehicles into hazardous areas or work space.
Support. TA-34 illustrates a lane closure in which temporary traffic barriers are used.
Option. When the right-hand lane is closed, TTC similar to that shown in TA-33 may be used for undivided or divided four-lane roads.
Guidance. If morning and evening peak hour vehicular traffic volumes in the two directions are uneven and the greater volume is on the side where the work is being done in the right-hand lane, consideration should be given to closing the inside lane for opposing vehicular traffic and making the lane available to the side with heavier vehicular traffic, as shown in TA-31.
If the larger vehicular traffic volume changes to the opposite direction at a different time of the day, the TTC should be changed to allow two lanes for opposing vehicular traffic by moving the devices from the opposing lane to the center line. When it is necessary to create a temporary center line that is not consistent with the pavement markings, channelizing devices should be used and closely spaced.
Option. When closing a left-hand lane on a multi-lane undivided road, as vehicular traffic flow permits, the two interior lanes may be closed, as shown in TA-30, to provide drivers and workers additional lateral clearance and to provide access to the work space.
Standard. When only the left-hand lane is closed on undivided roads, channelizing devices shall be placed along the center line as well as along the adjacent lane.
Guidance. When an interior lane is closed, an adjacent lane should also be considered for closure to provide additional space for vehicles and materials and to facilitate the movement of equipment within the work space.
When multiple lanes in one direction are closed, a capacity analysis should be made to determine the number of lanes needed to accommodate motor vehicle traffic needs. Vehicular traffic should be moved over one lane at a time. As shown in TA-37, the tapers should be separated by a distance of 2L, with L being determined by the formulas in Tables 616.2.8.1 and 616.2.8.2.
Option. If operating speeds are 40 mph or less and the space approaching the work area does not permit moving traffic over one lane at a time, a single continuous taper may be used.
Standard. When a directional roadway is closed, inapplicable WRONG WAY signs and markings, and other existing traffic control devices at intersections within the temporary two-lane, two-way operations section shall be covered, removed, or obliterated.
Option. When half the road is closed on an undivided highway, both directions of vehicular traffic may be accommodated as shown in TA-32. When both interior lanes are closed, temporary traffic controls may be used as provided in TA-30. When a roadway must be closed on a divided highway, a median crossover may be used (see EPG 616.14.15).
Support. TTC for lane closures on five-lane roads is similar to other multi-lane undivided roads. TA-32 can be adapted for use on five-lane roads. TA-35 can be used on a five-lane road for short duration and mobile operations.
616.14.12 Work Within the Traveled Way at an Intersection (MUTCD Section 6N.12)
Support. EPG 616.3, EPG 616.13.4, and EPG 616.14.4 contain additional information regarding the steps to follow when pedestrian or bicycle facilities are affected by the worksite.
The typical applications for intersections are classified according to the location of the work space with respect to the intersection area (as defined by the extension of the curb or edge lines). The three classifications are near side, far side, and in-the-intersection. Work spaces often extend into more than one portion of the intersection. For example, work in one quadrant often creates a near-side work space on one street and a far-side work space on the cross street. In such instances, an appropriate TTC plan is obtained by combining features shown in two or more of the intersection and pedestrian typical applications.
TTC zones in the vicinity of intersections might block movements and interfere with normal road user flows. Such conflicts frequently occur at more complex signalized intersections having such features as traffic signal heads over particular lanes, lanes allocated to specific movements, multiple signal phases, signal detectors for actuated control, and accessible pedestrian signals and detectors.
Guidance. The effect of the work upon signal operation should be considered, and temporary corrective actions should be taken, if necessary, such as revising signal phasing and/or timing to provide adequate capacity, maintaining or adjusting signal detectors, and relocating signal heads to provide adequate visibility as described in EPG 902.
Standard. When work will occur near an intersection where operational, capacity, or pedestrian accessibility problems are anticipated, the highway agency having jurisdiction shall be contacted.
Guidance. For work at an intersection, advance warning signs, devices, and markings should be used on all cross streets, as appropriate. The typical applications depict urban intersections on arterial streets. Where the posted speed limit, the off-peak 85th-percentile speed prior to the work starting, or the anticipated speed exceeds 40 mph, additional warning signs should be used in the advance warning area.
Pedestrian crossings near TTC sites should be separated from the worksite by appropriate barriers that maintain the accessibility and detectability for pedestrians with disabilities.
Support. Near-side work spaces, as depicted in TA-21, are simply handled as a midblock lane closure. A problem that might occur with near-side lane closure is a reduction in capacity, which during certain hours of operation could result in congestion and back-ups.
Option. When near-side work spaces are used, a mandatory turn lane may be used for through vehicular traffic.
Where space is restricted in advance of near-side work spaces, as with short block spacings, two warning signs may be used in the advance warning area, and a third action-type warning or a regulatory sign (such as Keep Left) may be placed within the transition area.
Support. Far-side work spaces, as depicted in TA-22 through TA-25, involve additional treatment because road users typically enter the activity area by straight-through and left-turn or right-turn movements.
Guidance. When a lane through an intersection must be closed on the far side, it should also be closed on the near-side approach to preclude merging movements within the intersection.
Option. If there are a significant number of vehicles turning from a near-side lane that is closed on the far side, the near-side lane may be converted to a mandatory turn lane.
Support. TA-26 and TA-27 provide guidance on applicable procedures for work performed within the intersection.
Option. If the work is within the intersection, any of the following strategies may be used:
- A. A small work space so that road users can move around it, as shown in TA-26;
- B. Flaggers or uniformed law enforcement officers to direct road users, as shown in TA-27;
- C. Work in stages so the work space is kept to a minimum; and
- D. Road closures or upstream diversions to reduce road user volumes.
Guidance. Depending on road user conditions, a flagger(s) and/or a uniformed law enforcement officer(s) should be used to control road users.
Support. TA-52 through TA-54 provide guidance on applicable procedures for work performed within a circular intersection.
616.14.13 Work Within the Traveled Way of a Freeway or Expressway (MUTCD Section 6N.13)
Support. Special conditions encountered where vehicular traffic must be moved through or around TTC zones on high-speed, high-volume roadways can pose challenges to the TTC. Although the general principles outlined in other articles of the EPG are applicable to all types of highways, high-speed, access-controlled highways need special planning and attention in order to accommodate vehicular traffic while also protecting road users and workers. The traffic volumes, vehicle mix (buses, trucks, cars, and bicycles, if permitted), and speed of vehicles on these facilities require that careful TTC procedures be implemented, for example, to induce critical merging maneuvers well in advance of work spaces and in a manner that creates minimum turbulence and delay in the vehicular traffic stream.
When the roadway capacity is reduced as a result of lane closures, the demand might exceed the available capacity and result in either a lengthy stopped or slow moving queue of vehicles that might extend past the normal signs used in the typical advance warning area.
Guidance. An assessment of the expected queue length should be a part of the TTC plan design process and adjustments to the sign spacing and number of signs as well as the possibility of using more conspicuous devices should be considered to increase the distance and conspicuity of the advance warning area.
Support. One strategy often employed to mitigate the extended queue issue is to work during off peak hours or at night. When the work is limited to night hours, increased use of warning lights, illumination of work spaces, and intelligent advance warning systems might be necessary.
TTC for a typical lane closure where a queue is not anticipated to accumulate on a divided highway is shown in TA-33 and TA-34. Temporary traffic controls for short duration and mobile operations on freeways are shown in TA-35. A typical application for shifting vehicular traffic lanes around a work space is shown in TA-36. TTC for multiple and interior lane closures on a freeway is shown in TA-37 and TA-38.
Guidance. The method for closing an interior lane when the open lanes have the capacity to carry vehicular traffic should be as shown in TA-37. When the capacity of the other lanes is needed, the method shown in TA-38 should be used.
616.14.14 Two-Lane, Two-Way Traffic on One Roadway of a Normally Divided Highway (MUTCD Section 6N.14)
Support. Two-lane, two-way operation on one roadway of a normally divided highway (head-to-head traffic) is a typical procedure that requires special consideration in the planning, design, and work phases, because unique operational problems (for example, increasing the risk of head-on crashes) can arise with the two-lane, two-way operation. Head-to-head traffic is generally limited to rural locations.
Guidance. When head-to-head traffic is being considered, MoDOT Design staff should be contacted for concurrence.
Two-lane, two-way operation on one roadway of a normally divided highway should be used only after the following criteria are addressed and documented:
- A. The benefit/cost of the two-lane, two-way operation compares favorably to the benefit/cost of other potential traffic control options (e.g., alternate routes, temporary lanes, construction staging, use of shoulders, etc.). The analysis is to include both construction and road user costs associated with each option.
- B. A capacity analysis of the two-lane, two-way operation confirms this type of traffic management can reasonably accommodate the traffic volumes without detrimental delay to travelers.
- C. The median shoulder width must be adequate for emergency stopping.
Standard. When two-lane, two-way traffic control must be maintained on one roadway of a normally divided highway, opposing vehicular traffic shall be separated with either temporary traffic barriers (see EPG 617.1) (concrete safety-shape or approved alternate), or channelizing devices and temporary pavement markings throughout the length of the two-way operation, as shown on Standard Plans 617.20, 616.10 and 620.10, respectively. The use of markings and complementary signing, by themselves, shall not be used.
When two-lane, two-way traffic control must be maintained on one roadway of a normally divided highway, all obstructions or fixed objects shall have protection provided for both directions of travel.
Option. This may require providing temporary installations of impact attenuators or crash cushions for guardrail, bridge ends, barrier walls, etc. on what would normally be the downstream side of the obstruction.
Support. TA-39 shows the procedure for two-lane, two-way operation. Treatments for entrance and exit ramps within the two-way roadway segment of this type of work are shown in TA-40 and TA-41.
616.14.15 Crossovers (MUTCD Section 6N.15)
Support. Crossovers constructed to facilitate two-lane, two-way. Crossovers are located where horizontal and vertical alignments provide sufficient sight distance.
Guidance. The following are considered good guiding principles for the design of crossovers:
- A. Tapers for lane drops should be separated from the crossovers, as shown in TA-39.
- B. Crossovers should be designed for the work zone speed limit according to EPG 616.18.
- C. A good array of channelizing devices, delineators, and full-length, properly placed pavement markings should be used to provide drivers with a clearly defined travel path.
- D. The design of the crossover should accommodate all vehicular traffic, including trucks and buses.
Support. Temporary traffic barriers and the excessive use of TTC devices cannot compensate for poor geometric and roadway cross-section design of crossovers.
614.14.16 Interchanges (MUTCD Section 6N.16)
Guidance. Access to interchange ramps on limited-access highways should be maintained even if the work space is in the lane adjacent to the ramps. Access to exit ramps should be clearly marked and delineated with channelizing devices. For long-term projects, conflicting pavement markings should be removed and new ones placed. Early coordination with officials having jurisdiction over the affected cross streets and providing emergency services should occur before ramp closings.
Option. If access is not possible, ramps may be closed by using signs and Type 3 Barricades. As the work space changes, the access area may be changed, as shown in TA-42. A TTC zone in the exit ramp may be handled as shown in TA-43.
When a work space interferes with an entrance ramp, a lane may need to be closed on the freeway (see TA-44). A TTC zone in the entrance ramp may require shifting ramp vehicular traffic (see TA-44).
616.14.17 Work in the Vicinity of a Grade Crossing (MUTCD Section 6N.17)
Standard. When grade crossings exist either within or in the vicinity of a TTC zone, lane restrictions, flagging, or other operations shall not create conditions where vehicles can be queued across the tracks. If the queuing of vehicles across the tracks cannot be avoided, a uniformed law enforcement officer or flagger shall be provided at the crossing to prevent vehicles from stopping on the tracks, even if automatic warning devices are in place.
Support. TA-46 shows work in the vicinity of a grade crossing.
EPG 913.1.13 contains additional information regarding TTC zones in the vicinity of grade crossings.
Guidance. Early coordination with the railroad company or transit agency should occur before work starts.
616.14.18 Work During Nighttime Hours (MUTCD Section 6N.18)
Support. EPG 616.1.5 contains additional information regarding considerations for conducting work operations during nighttime hours.
Guidance. Considering the safety issues inherent to night work, consideration should be given to enhancing traffic controls (see EPG 616.14.3) to provide added visibility and driver guidance, and increased protection for workers.
In addition to the enhancements listed in EPG 616.14.3, consideration should be given to providing additional lights and retroreflective markings to workers, work vehicles, and equipment.
Option. Where reduced traffic volumes at night make it feasible, the entire roadway may be closed by detouring traffic to alternate facilities, thus removing the traffic risk from the activity area.
Guidance. Consideration should be given to stationing uniformed law enforcement officers and lighted patrol cars at night work locations where there is a concern that high speeds or impaired drivers might result in undue risks for workers or other drivers.
Standard. Except in emergencies, temporary lighting shall be provided at all flagger stations used during nighttime work.
Support. Desired illumination levels vary depending upon the nature of the task involved. An average horizontal luminance of 5 foot candles can be adequate for general activities. An average horizontal luminance of 10 foot candles can be adequate for activities around equipment. Tasks requiring high levels of precision and extreme care can require an average horizontal luminance of 20 foot candles.
616.14.19 Late Merge (MUTCD Section 6N.19)
Support. The Late Merge is designed to use all available lanes until the merge point is reached at the lane closure taper rather than merging as soon as possible into the open lane. The Late Merge addresses many of the challenges that are associated with traffic operations in advance of lane closures at TTC zones such as queue length, capacity, and driver satisfaction.
Option. Late Merge systems may consist of static or portable changeable message signs.
Guidance. Static Late Merge signing should consist of the STAY IN LANE TO MERGE POINT (R4-9a) sign and the MERGE HERE TAKE TURNS (WO9-2a) sign (see Figure 616.14.19).
Option. The following messages may be used on changeable message signs at an upstream location during the Late Merge application:
- A. “STAY IN YOUR LANE/MERGE AHEAD”
- B. “STAY IN YOUR LANE/MERGE AHEAD XX MILES”
- C. “USE BOTH LANES/TO MERGE POINT”
- D. “USE BOTH LANES/STOPPED TRAFFIC AHEAD
- E. “SLOW TRAFFIC AHEAD/USE BOTH LANES”
The following messages are typically used on changeable message signs at the merge point during the Late Merge application:
- A. “TAKE YOUR TURN/MERGE HERE”
- B. “MERGE HERE/TAKE TURNS”
Support. EPG 616.19.6.3 includes additional provisions for Smart Work Zone (SWZ) Strategy Selection.
