806.8 Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP)

Provisions of the federal Clean Water Act and related state rules and regulations require stormwater permits where construction activities disturb greater than one acre over the life of a project as part of a common plan or sale. MoDOT has a general State Operating Permit, obtained from the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (DNR), that allows for land disturbance activities associated with highway, bridge and compensatory mitigation construction as well as maintenance activities related to the upkeep of these features. The permit stipulates that MoDOT will follow certain erosion and sediment control guidelines and install temporary and permanent erosion and sediment control measures. Locally sponsored federal aid projects that are performed on MoDOT right of way and are using MoDOT’s land disturbance permit are required to comply with MoDOT Standard Specifications, and therefore, must follow this Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP). When working adjacent to MoDOT right of way, cities, counties and other government entities may already possess their own State Operating Permit and, in that case, must comply with their own SWPPP.

There are instances where contractors may have to obtain their own permits for work involving borrow and excess (waste) disposal areas, and in some instances when portable plants are used. (See Fig. 806.8.1 MoDOT/Contractor Responsibility for details about the permitting requirements of these scenarios.) Also, in a few rare cases, MoDOT may require contractors to obtain their own individual State Operating Permit for land disturbance activities even though the project is being constructed on MoDOT right of way. These unique situations will normally be design/build projects that are funded by MoDOT, but totally managed by the contractor.

The purpose of the SWPPP is to ensure the design, implementation, management and maintenance of Best Management Practices (BMPs) in order to reduce the amount of sediment and other pollutants in storm water discharges associated with the land disturbance activities; comply with the Missouri Water Quality Standards, and ensure compliance with the terms and conditions of the general permit.

The following documents were used in the preparation of this SWPPP:

Best Management Practices for Erosion and Sediment Control, (Report No. FHWA-FLP-94-005) published by the United States Department of Transportation (1995)
Storm Water Management for Construction Activities: Developing Pollution Prevention Plans and Best Management Practices, (Document number EPA 832-R-92-005) published by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (1992)
Protecting Water Quality: A field guide to erosion, sediment and storm water best management practices for development sites in Missouri
Missouri Standard Specifications for Highway Construction
Missouri Department of Transportation Engineering Policy Guide
Menu of BMPs – United States Environmental Protection Agency.

A typical MoDOT project involves the implementation of many documents, processes and standard operating procedures. These various processes and procedures are of such detail that it is impossible to include in this brief summary of BMPs. Pollution from storm water can be reduced by the implementation of the BMPs, construction techniques and site management measures in this article. However, pollution from storm water will also be reduced by the issuance of change orders, letters/memos of notification, Order Records and Contractor Performance Reports. Changes that occur as a result of directives to contractors will usually be documented by Document Records and other various product and reports produced by the computer program, SiteManager. Lastly, a Semi-Final Inspection Report can serve to identify post-construction measures that will ensure permit compliance and water quality protection.

In addition to these contract management tools, MoDOT conducts annual storm water permit compliance training for construction site inspectors, resident engineers, desingners and other personnel including contractors and consultants. The information distributed in that class goes beyond the scope of this statewide SWPPP document. Many effective BMPs and construction techniques are discussed during that training, but may not yet appear in this article.

These and other unique MoDOT tools must be considered elements of a SWPPP because they all result in implementation of measures that cause or caused a resultant action to occur on a construction project.

806.8.2 Site Description and Project-Specific Information

EPG 237.1 Plan Details describes the information that is to be included in all plans that are used by contractors to construct MoDOT projects. All highway and bridge projects are constructed from a set of design plans that are generated by MoDOT designers or consultants. The plans show all existing topographic features, buildings, roadways and drainages, as well as right of way limits. Within a project’s design plans are erosion and sediment control plans which serve as the site maps for the project to be used in combination with this narrative SWPPP. These plans contain sufficient information to be of practical use to contractors and site construction workers to guide the installation of BMPs in the interim and final stages of construction. Site plans are on location at active MoDOT job sites when MoDOT’s construction inspector or the contractor superintendent is on site. These plans will usually include hand written notes showing the locations of temporary and in some cases, permanent BMPs.

Contract plans shall include erosion and sediment control measures that are sufficient to protect streams, lakes, wetlands and private land adjacent to MoDOT right of way, and the location of most of these controls will be depicted on the plan sheets. The exact location of the controls that are shown on plan sheets will be determined in the field by the engineer or inspector. Temporary control measures shall be coordinated with permanent control measures to assure economical, effective and continuous erosion and sediment control. Construction of permanent erosion control measures that may contribute to the control of siltation, shall be accomplished at the earliest practicable time.

MoDOT site maps (erosion and sediment control plans) are to include:

Direction(s) of stormwater flow and approximate slopes anticipated after grading activities
Areas of soil disturbance and areas that will not be disturbed
Location of major structural and non-structural BMPs
Locations where stabilization practices are expected to occur
Locations of on and/or off-site material, waste, borrow or equipment storage areas
Locations of all waters of the U.S.
Locations where stormwater discharges to a surface water
Areas where final stabilization has been accomplished and no further construction-phase permit requirements apply.

Every MoDOT project with one or more acres of total land disturbance must complete Form 806.8.2, Project-Specific SWPPP Information and retain it as part of the SWPPP. The project office will be responsible for completing this form for all jobs with one or more acres of total land disturbance. See Fig. 806.8.2 for an example of how to complete this form.

806.8.3 Drainage Areas and Housekeeping

In compliance with the Missouri Clean Water Law (Section 644.051), neither MoDOT nor MoDOT's contractors shall pollute any waters of the state, or place, cause, or permit to be placed any water contaminant in a location where it is reasonably certain to cause pollution of any waters of the state. To comply with this law, proper preventive measures and good housekeeping shall be maintained on job sites. Job site litter, construction debris and sanitary waste should be controlled. All litter shall be placed in appropriate containment receptacles. The use of portable toilets may be necessary to control sanitary waste in some situations. If used, these facilities shall be adequately placed and maintained so as not to cause a safety or environmental concern. If hazardous waste is generated or encountered on a job site, the MoDOT Environmental Section, (573) 526-4778, should be informed immediately to assure proper handling and compliance with environmental regulations. Also, neither MoDOT nor MoDOT's contractors shall discharge water contaminants into any waters of the state, which reduce the quality of these waters below the state's water quality standards. These water quality standards include the following (MO 10 CSR 20-7):

(a) Waters shall be free from substances in sufficient amounts to cause the formation of putrescent, unsightly or harmful bottom deposits or prevent full maintenance of beneficial uses.

(b) Waters shall be free from oil, scum and floating debris in sufficient amounts to be unsightly or prevent full maintenance of beneficial uses.

(c) Waters shall be free from substances in sufficient amounts to cause unsightly color or turbidity, offensive odor or prevent full maintenance of beneficial uses.

(d) Waters shall be free from substances or conditions in sufficient amounts to result in toxicity to human, animal or aquatic life.

(e) Waters shall be free from physical, chemical or hydrologic changes that would impair the natural biological community.

(f) Waters shall be free from used tires, car bodies, appliances, demolition debris, used vehicles or equipment and solid waste as defined in Missouri’s Solid Waste Law, Section 260.200, RSMo, except as the use of such materials is specifically permitted pursuant to Section 260.200–260.247.

MoDOT personnel or contractors hired by MoDOT shall comply with these and any other federal, state, and local laws and regulations controlling pollution of the environment. To ensure that these general criteria are met, the following guidelines will be observed:

1) Machinery shall be kept out of the waterway as much as possible.

2) Fuel, lubricants, debris and other water contaminants shall not be stored in areas that are subject to contact with water (such as adjacent to stream banks) or where contaminated runoff from the storage areas can enter waters.

3) Refueling and maintenance (e.g., oil changing) of machinery shall not take place in, or directly alongside, any water body.

4) Clearing of vegetation/trees shall be kept to the minimum required to accomplish the activity.

5) Riparian areas and banks shall be restored to a stable condition through recontouring and revegetation of the area, as necessary, as soon as possible (normally within three working days of final contouring).

6) Work shall be conducted during low flow whenever possible.

7) Wetland areas shall be avoided to the extent practical.

8) Work shall conform to all conditions that are part of the USACOE Section 404 permit and the ancillary MDNR Section 401 Water Quality Certification.

EPG 127.19 Section 404 Clean Water Act for Bridge Demolitions provides a detailed explanation of the process that is followed whenever a stream or drainage channel may fall into USACOE jurisdiction.

806.8.4 Erosion and Sediment Control (MO Specifications Division 800)

Water pollution control measures shall be required of all contractors MoDOT hires. The contractor shall exercise best management practices throughout the project to control water pollution. Construction of permanent drainage facilities and other activities, which may contribute to the control of siltation, shall be accomplished at the earliest practicable time. This work shall consist of furnishing, installing, maintaining, and removing temporary control measures as shown on the plans (see MoDOT Standard Plan 806.10) or as ordered by the engineer. The control of water pollution will be accomplished through the use of berms, slope drains, ditch checks, sediment basins, seeding and mulching, straw bales, silt fences and other erosion and sediment control devices or methods. Pollutants such as chemicals, fuels, lubricants, bitumens, raw sewage or other harmful materials shall not be discharged from the project. No work shall be started until the erosion and sediment control timetable and methods of operation have been approved.

Temporary erosion control measures shall be coordinated with permanent erosion control measures to assure economical, effective and continuous erosion and sediment control. Temporary erosion controls must be kept in place and maintained until revegetation, rock blanketing, paving, or another form of stabilization has occurred to an extent sufficient to to minimize sediment loss from the project and comply with MoDOT’s State Operating Permit.

Materials required for erosion and sediment control measures shall meet the standards of the Missouri Standard Specifications for Highway Construction.

806.8.4.1 Construction Requirements

The engineer may limit the surface area of erodible earth material exposed by clearing and grubbing, or excavation, borrow, and fill operations, and may direct the contractor to provide immediate permanent or temporary erosion and sediment control measures to prevent contamination of adjacent streams or other watercourses, wetlands, lakes, ponds, and other water impoundments. Such work may involve the construction of temporary berms, dikes, dams, sediment basins, slope drains, and the use of temporary seeding and mulching, or other erosion and sediment control devices or methods as necessary.

The contractor shall be required to incorporate all permanent erosion control measures into the project at the earliest practicable time. Temporary erosion and sediment control measures shall be used to correct conditions that develop during construction which were not foreseen during the design stage. Temporary erosion control shall also be used when needed prior to installation of permanent erosion control measures or to control erosion that develops during normal construction practices, but are not associated with permanent control measures on the project.

When practical, clearing and grubbing operations shall be scheduled and performed so that border, perimeter, or outlet BMPs to control runoff from disturbed areas will be installed or marked for preservation before general site clearing. A limited amount of clearing (enough to gain access to the area) may be permissible to enable the installation of outlet and perimeter controls. Stormwater discharges from disturbed areas, which leave the site, shall pass through an appropriate impediment (BMP) prior to leaving the site. The surface area of erodible earth material exposed at one time by clearing and grubbing, by excavating, by fill, or by borrow, shall be minimized to limit runoff. The engineer may limit the total acreage of erodible earth material to be exposed at one time as determined by an analysis of project conditions. In such cases the engineer will identify specific BMPs and controls that have been, or will be installed in order to exceed the specified maximum disturbed acreage threshold.

The engineer will limit the area of clearing and grubbing, excavation, borrow and embankment operations in progress commensurate with the contractor's ability to keep the finish grading, mulching, seeding and other erosion control measures current. Should seasonal limitations make such coordination unrealistic, temporary erosion control measures shall be implemented as directed by the engineer.

Unless otherwise approved, construction operations in rivers, streams, wetlands and impoundments shall be restricted to those areas that must be entered for the construction of temporary or permanent structures. Rivers, streams, wetlands and impoundments shall be promptly cleared of all falsework, piling, debris or other obstructions placed therein or caused by the construction operations.

Frequent fording of live streams or wetlands with construction equipment is not permitted. Temporary bridges or other structures shall be used wherever an appreciable number of stream crossings are necessary. All temporary fills and structures placed in streams, wetlands, or impoundments will be removed and the site returned to natural or intended contours prior to completion of construction. Unless otherwise approved, mechanized equipment shall not be operated in live streams except as may be required to construct channel changes and temporary or permanent structures. If a Section 404 permit is applicable for a project, its requirements and/or conditions shall be followed.

Site-specific erosion and sediment controls above and beyond MoDOT standard specifications shall be discussed with the contractor at a preconstruction conference. Special conditions may be developed which can include limitations on the amount of surface area that can remain unprotected at one time or special water quality or stream protections requirements.

The location of all local material pits (other than commercially operated sources) and all excess material areas shall be subject to the approval of the engineer (material in this case refers to soil and rock). Construction operations shall be conducted and pollution control measures implemented so that erosion will not result in water pollution.

Portable concrete and asphalt plants located on MoDOT right of way can be covered under the "MoDOT State Operating Permit. Any discharges from these operations must be managed by appropriate BMPs. The plant and BMPs must be depicted on the project site map and appropriately accounted for in the project SWPPP. Operators of portable plants that are located off of MoDOT right of way will be responsible for obtaining all appropriate permits directly from the DNR. The contractor is responsible for all costs associated with erosion and sediment control to protect plant locations, regardless if the plant is located on or off of MoDOT right of way or easements.

Borrow and excess (waste) disposal sites located on MoDOT right of way or owned by MoDOT can be covered by the MoDOT permit and SWPPP. For borrow and excess disposal activities not located on MoDOT right of way, the borrow or excess disposal operator will be responsible for obtaining all appropriate permits, including a land disturbance permit directly from the DNR for sites greater than or equal to one acre.

In the event of a conflict between these requirements and pollution control laws, rules, or regulations of other federal, state, or local agencies, the more restrictive laws, rules, or regulations may apply.

806.8.4.2 Non-Structural Control Measures

Protection of existing vegetation is an important and too-often overlooked component of erosion and sediment control. Prior to commencement of grading, design plans will show areas that are to remain undisturbed. Maintaining natural vegetation in certain areas during construction serves to reduce sediment from sheet flow, and slow the flow of water that travels through the area. These areas of excess right-of-way provide the same benefit to water quality as would many types of structural controls such as silt fences, sediment basins or sediment traps. Deposited material may or may not be removed from the area of excess right of way depending on MoDOT's future plans for the area.

Vegetated filter strips along the shoulder, or within the median of MoDOT highways serve as excellent sediment capture devices particularly in areas where the density of grass and other herbaceous vegetation can filter the water. In most cases vegetative filter strips (permanent vegetative cover) are used in concert with other BMPs (such as silt fence). However, there may be situations where vegetative filter strips can suffice as standalone features. If vegetated filter strips are used, they must be located within MoDOT right of way or easement. Vegetation on an adjacent property cannot be used as a MoDOT BMP.

Other Non-Structural BMPs such as seeding, mulching, stabilized construction entrances, flocculants and other chemical additives are discussed elsewhere in this document.

806.8.4.3 Erosion Control Measures (MO Specifications - Special Provisions)

Our emphasis on MoDOT projects should be erosion control and focusing on covering up exposed soil, preferably with permanent vegetation, rock, pavement, etc., as soon as practical in order to protect the soil surface and keep soil particles from dislodging and entering stormwater. Best management practices (BMPs) shall be used by contractors to minimize sediment loss from MoDOT right of way onto adjacent land or into streams, lakes, ponds, wetlands, drainage channels, etc..

The following described practices are commonly used erosion control BMPs that may be used individually or in combination with other practices, such as the sediment control devices discussed in EPG 806.8.4.4 Sediment Control Measures, to assure effective erosion control and prevent off site delivery of pollutants. Other practices that are not listed here, or have not been identified or invented at the time of the preparation of this SWPPP, may be used if their performance is equivalent or better than the practices listed below.

806.8.4.3.1 Soil Surface Roughening

Surface roughening is a temporary erosion control BMP that will reduce runoff velocity and erosion potential by increasing infiltration and sediment trapping. This practice is intended for areas which have been cleared and grubbed and are awaiting application of temporary or permanent seed, or installation of other structural controls such as ditch checks, sediment traps, or sediment basins. The practice is NOT intended to serve as a stand-alone best management practice and is only to be used as a short-term, sequential practice as the grading and seeding proceeds.

Where backslopes are unlikely to be mowed or maintained due to steepness and lack of access, surface roughening can be a permanent measure. In these situations seed and mulch may be applied directly to the roughened seed bed. This will aid in the establishment of vegetative cover and will minimize destructive compaction by heavy equipment. There are three common methods of surface roughening (tracking, grooving, stair stepping) that can be employed depending on the soil type, slope and potential maintenance concerns for the project.

A. Tracking involves the use of tracked construction equipment (dozer, high lift, etc.) vertically tracking up and down slopes in order to create horizontal depressions, perpendicular to the runoff path, on the soil surface. These depressions reduce stormwater velocity and the potential for concentrated runoff, which typically leads to rill formation. Tracking can lead to significant soil compaction, which does help lock soil particles in place; however, it is also undesirable for root production and grass growth. Due to this fact, care should be taken in deciding which slopes to track. Tracking is typically recommended for sandy soils, where risk of excessive compaction is reduced.

B. Grooving involves the creation of a series of ridges and depressions that run along the contour of a slope. The grooves can be created using a variety of implements such as a disks, harrows, chisel plows, loader teeth, etc. The grooves should be no more than 3 inches deep and no more than 15 in. apart.

C. Stair-stepping involves creating stair steps to reduce runoff velocity and encourage sedimentation on steeper slopes that will not be mowed. The stairs should be cut such that the vertical step does not exceed 1 foot. The horizontal step should be longer than the vertical step and sloped inward toward the vertical step face to promote sedimentation.

806.8.4.3.2 Mulching and Crimping

Application of mulch without seed may be used as a temporary best management practice if approved by the engineer. This temporary stabilization practice is most applicable in late fall or early winter when grass seed would have little or no opportunity to germinate. Straw mulch should be applied with a mulch blower, or by hand, and must be anchored (crimped or otherwise tackified) immediately after spreading to prevent windblow. Application rates will vary based on the percent slope. Bark mulch and/or wood chips do not require crimping. The engineer will determine whether or not the wood chip mulch may remain in place, be cultivated or be modified for permanent seeding.

806.8.4.3.3 Temporary Berms - Erosion Control

A temporary berm is a temporary ridge of compacted soil, with or without a shallow ditch, constructed at the top of fill slopes or transverse to centerline on fills. The purpose of these ridges is to divert storm runoff from small areas away from steep slopes and direct this water to temporary outlets where the water can be discharged with minimum slope erosion. These ridges are used temporarily at the top of newly constructed slopes to prevent excessive erosion until permanent controls are installed and/or slopes are stabilized. They are also used transverse to grade to divert runoff to stabilized slope drains. Weekly (and post-rainfall) monitoring will be necessary to identify breeches in all temporary berms used as BMPs.

Type A Berms for erosion control may be specified for use at the end of each day’s operations on embankments to divert stormwater away from project slopes and toward stabilized drop down structures/pipes or stormwater detention areas, sediment capture devices, etc. They will be constructed to specified dimensions (see MoDOT Standard Plan 806.10) and machine compacted with a minimum of one pass over the entire width of the berm with a dozer tread, grader wheel, etc. Type A Berms can be used until grading operations cease and final contours are achieved. Removal will usually occur just before the application of seed and mulch or other soil stabilization measures.

Type B Berms are constructed on the top of fill slopes and are intended to direct runoff water into a temporary slope drain. These temporary diversion structures are specified when embankment operations are shut down over extended periods of time (i.e., winter), and will be constructed to specified dimensions (see MoDOT Standard Plan 806.10). The top width of these berms may be wider and the side slopes flatter on transverse berms to allow equipment to pass over these berms with minimal disruption. Operation and maintenance concerns are limited to ensuring that the majority of runoff water is directed into the inlet of the slope drain. Removal of Type B Berms will normally occur when base rock is installed, prior to paving.

806.8.4.3.4 Temporary Pipe Slope Drains

A temporary pipe slope drain (see MoDOT Standard Plan 806.10) is used to carry water down slopes to reduce erosion and may consist of half-round pipe, metal pipe, plastic pipe, or flexible rubber pipe. Temporary slope drains are usually required on fill slopes at approximately 500-foot intervals or as directed by the engineer. These structures are installed after the fill slope has reached its intended elevation and final grade.

All temporary slope drains will be adequately anchored to the slope to prevent disruption by the force of the water flowing in these drains. The inlet end will be properly constructed to channel water into the temporary drain. The outlet ends will usually have some means of dissipating the energy of the water to reduce erosion downstream and will have a sediment control BMP or a system of sediment control BMPs to capture sediment carried within the stormwater. Where scour at the outlet is of lesser concern due to the physical characteristics of the ditch, there shall still be sediment capture devices in the ditch or drainage outlet downgrade from the slope drain outlet. Unless otherwise specified, all temporary slope drains will be removed when no longer necessary due to the slopes being stabilized or the routing of runoff down permanent letdown structures. Upon removal of temporary slope drains, the site will be restored to match the surroundings.

806.8.4.3.5 Interception Ditches and Letdown Structures (Including Roadside & Median Ditches)

Interception ditches and letdown structures are typically permanent erosion control BMPs that capture stormwater run-on or runoff and transport it down slopes through stabilized channels. These channels are typically constructed in a “V”, “U”, or trapezoidal shape to concentrate water flow down the center of the structure in order to minimize the risk of break over points and flanking. They are typically lined with stone (riprap), erosion control blankets, turf reinforcement mats, or other product which is self-adjusting and capable of withstanding concentrated, erosive flows. In some instances, these ditches and letdowns may be constructed as concrete or asphalt gutters; however, these types of rigid channel liners do not allow for water infiltration and more often than not, do not have built-in energy dissipation, which can exacerbate erosion at their outlets. In addition, due to their rigid nature, concrete and asphalt-lined drainage courses often undermine and experience section loss, which leads to system failure. There are alternative BMP technologies available (ScourStopTM, FlexamatTM, etc.) that give a degree of rigidity, if desired, to help armor the channel, or a portion of the channel more susceptible to erosion, while still allowing permeability for vegetative growth and water infiltration, as well as self-adjustment to prevent system failure.

When designing and implementing interception ditches and letdowns, as well as roadside and median ditches, it is important to take into consideration drainage area, soil type, slope and ditch shape in order to determine if the shear stresses within the ditch will be of a high enough value to warrant a liner beyond just vegetative cover. Depending on the location of the ditch, driver safety must also be taken into consideration when choosing an appropriate ditch liner.

806.8.4.3.6 Temporary Pipes and Temporary Construction Crossings

A temporary pipe is a conduit used temporarily to carry water under a haul road, silt fence, etc. Temporary pipes should be installed in the same manner as permanent pipe is installed on the project to assure that the water does not cause erosion around the pipe. If applicable, material to backfill the pipe should be placed in six-inch lifts and mechanically compacted, although a compaction test is not required. As additional erosion protection, temporary pipes can also be used to collect site run-on and covey it across disturbed areas on the job. Care should be taken to ensure the outlet of the temporary pipe is stabilized and adequate energy dissipation is available so as to not cause erosion of the receiving area.

Temporary pipes can also be used to convey normal and expected high flows at temporary stream crossings, preventing the contractor's equipment from coming into direct contact with the water when crossing active streams as discussed in EPG 806.8.4.1 Construction Requirements. Any temporary structures used to facilitate construction (e.g. temporary crossings, temporary work pads) will be constructed of clean rock fill that is of sufficient size to be non-erodible under normal stream flow and also easily recoverable upon project completion. Temporary stream crossings will be sufficiently piped to allow for continuous and relatively unimpounded stream flow. The pipes will be placed to match the existing stream grade, which will allow for unimpeded aquatic life passage through the project area. Upon project completion, any temporary structure(s), including pipes and other materials, shall be completely removed and the area will be restored and stabilized. (Note: Temporary stream crossings can act as conduits for sediment to make its way to streams, because they usually cause a gap in perimeter BMPs along streambanks. If possible, stormwater runoff should be diverted away from these structures; otherwise other BMPs must be employed to adequately protect the waterbody.)

806.8.4.3.7 Energy Dissipaters

An energy dissipater is a physical structure that is intended to reduce the erosive energy that is typically encountered down grade from a pipe or culvert. As such, these BMPs are normally permanent. Erosive energy from intense flows may also be encountered in median ditches or road ditches. Energy dissipation may be accomplished by the installation of large boulders, wood pilings, engineered concrete structures or other means approved by the engineer, following construction of the ultimate drainage channel or device. Unlike ditch checks and sediment traps, energy dissipaters are NOT intended to impound water and sediment. Energy dissipaters must be constructed in a fashion such that the water that flows through, over or around the structure is equally distributed in the discharge channel and does not exacerbate or cause a resultant erosion problem.

806.8.4.3.8 Seeding and Mulching

806.8.4.3.8.1 Temporary Seeding and Mulching (MO Specifications Sec 802 and Sec 805)

This work shall consist of preparing and fertilizing a seedbed, furnishing and sowing of seed, and mulching. The purpose of temporary seeding and mulching is to produce a quick ground cover to reduce erosion in disturbed areas that are expected to be re-disturbed or permanently seeded at a later date. It should be utilized as necessary to prevent erosion and decrease reliance on sediment control BMPs.

Seeding and/or mulching will be a continuous operation on all cut and fill slopes, waste sites, and borrow areas during the construction process. Designated, disturbed areas shall be seeded and mulched when and where necessary to eliminate erosion. In designated areas seeding and/or mulching shall be done as soon as possible after completion of the earthwork, not to exceed 14 days (7 days on slopes steeper than 3:1), weather permitting.

Temporary mulch placed over temporary seed mixtures shall be applied in accordance with the provisions of Sec 802.2.1 of the Missouri Standard Specifications. Fertilizer shall be applied at the rate specified for permanent seeding. Lime will usually not be required for temporary seeding but will be applied according to governing specifications when a permanent seed mixture is used.

806.8.4.3.8.2 Permanent Seeding and Mulching (MO Specifications Sec 805)

Permanent seeding and mulching following the temporary seeding will be performed according to the Missouri Standard Specifications Sec 805 and will be permitted during the favorable seeding seasons only. It is important to remember that temporary seeding and mulching can be used to cover up bare soil during times that are not conducive to applying permanent seeding. Then, when conditions are more suitable for permanent seeding, it can be applied over/through the temporary seeding stubble. Or, in some cases, it may be necessary to mow the temporary seeding stubble and then apply permanent seeding.

806.8.4.3.9 Fiber Reinforced Matrix (FRM)

Fiber Reinforced Matrix (FRM) is a hydraulically applied (spray-on) erosion control product that bonds to, and blankets bare soil. It is typically applied with a truck or trailer mounted sprayer or by walking the affected areas with a hose sprayer. According to manufacturers, FRMs lock in moisture and nutrients to promote seed germination. Since these products are applied through spray-on application, they can conform to the contours of a slope and therefore can be applied to rough seedbeds. These products can be applied to all soil types on any slope and can be used in place of any of the erosion control blankets (ECBs) discussed in EPG 806.8.4.3.10, below. However, these products are only to be used as slope protection, and are not designed to withstand concentrated flows within ditches, drainages or streams. It is important when using these products to apply them according manufacturer’s specifications and to assure there is complete surface coverage on the affected area to prevent potential failure due to improper application. In order to accomplish this, it is important to spray slopes from multiple, varying directions. In some instances, especially on longer and/or steeper slopes, it may be necessary to install slope disruptors (wattles/socks/logs/etc.) perpendicular to the sheet flow to decrease runoff velocities down the face of the slope and protect the FRM application from concentrated flows. Manufacturer recommended application rates are summarized in the table below. Examples of FRMs include products such as Flexterra® Flexible Growth MediumTM, EcoFlexTM and Flex Guard®.

Slope Condition	Application Rate (lbs/Acre)
< 3H:1V	3000
> 3H:1V and < 2H:1V	3500
>2H:1V and < 1H:1V	4000
>1H:1V	4500

To ensure product quality and performance, all FRMs must meet the following specifications:

Minimum FRM Performance and Physical Requirements Property			Required Value
Thermally Processed Fiber by Weight			75% ± 10%
100% bio-degradable Interlocking Fibers			5% ± 2%
Organic Tackifiers and Activators			10% ± 2%
Moisture Content			10% ± 3%
Organic Matter			90% minimum
Color			Colored to contrast application area, shall not stain concrete or painted surfaces.
FRM Property		Test Method	Required Value
Physical	Mass Per Unit Area	ASTM D6566*	12.0 oz/yd² minimum
	Thickness	ASTM D6525*	0.22 in. minimum
	Ground Cover	ASTM D6567*	99% minimum
	Wet Bond Strength	ASTM D6818*	9 lb/ft
	Water Holding Capacity	ASTM D7367	1500% minimum
	Flexural Rigidity (wet)	ASTM D6575*	5 oz-yd maximum
Endurance	Functional Longevity	ASTM D5338	Minimum of 12 months
Performance	Cover Factor	MoDOT Approved Large Scale Testing	0.01 maximum
	% Effectiveness	MoDOT Approved Large Scale Testing	99% minimum
	Cure time	MoDOT Approved Large Scale Testing	98% Effective 2 hours after application
	Vegetation Establishment	ASTM D7322*	800% minimum
Environmental	Ecotoxicity	EPA 2021.0	96-hr LC50 > 100%
	Effluent Turbidity	MoDOT Approved Large Scale Testing	100 NTU Maximum
	Biodegradability	ASTM D5338	100% Minimum
* ASTM test methods developed for Rolled Erosion Control Products (RECPs) that have been modified to accommodate Hydraulic Erosion Control Products (HECPs).

806.8.4.3.10 Erosion Control Blankets and Turf Reinforcement Mats

Erosion control blankets (ECBs), erosion stabilization mats, and turf reinforcement mats (TRMs) are designed to reinforce vegetation. The added reinforcement allows the vegetation to withstand higher flow velocities and can be an alternative to rip rap applications.

ECBs are typically used to prevent sheet, rill, or gully erosion on slopes and some lower flow channels. TRMs may be used on slope areas with concentrated flow, but are typically used in channels. Since ECBs have a limited life expectancy (longevity) they are considered to be "temporary" erosion control measures; however, most TRMs are composed of interwoven layers of geosynthetic materials such as polypropylene, nylon and PVC netting, which protects from both bio and photodegradation and allows for permanent vegetative reinforcement. At culvert outlets, overflow structures or transition areas, it may be necessary to use a transition mat (e.g., ScourStop™, ShoreMax™, etc.) directly over the TRM in order to add additional scour protection in these highly erosive areas.

Slopes should be stabilized as soon as possible after grading work is completed. ECBs or TRMs should be considered for most slopes steeper than 3:1, depending on soil types. Protecting slopes from erosion requires several actions that must be taken together. No single approach will be successful, especially if the slope is long, steep, or has highly erodible soils.

Mats and blankets will be installed as soon as practicable after final grading. Removal is not necessary or required seeing as how the material will decay and break down on its own or, in the case of TRMs, permanently reinforce the vegetation.

Prior to installation of blankets or mats the ground should be smooth, with no large rocks, vegetation or rills on the surface. Areas where blankets are to be used shall be properly prepared with topsoil or soil conditioning, and fertilized if required, and seeded before blankets are placed. The blankets shall be placed smoothly but loosely on the soil surface without stretching. Blankets at the top of the slope should be trenched in beyond the crest of the slope so as to avoid undercutting. Blankets and mats should be inspected at the same frequency as all other erosion and sediment control items. Malfunctions must be repaired in a timely manner or else slope shaping, grading and reinstallation will be required.

Products meeting the requirements outlined within the tables below each have their own physical description that can be obtained from the manufacturer. Providing the physical description of all ECBs or TRMs would be unnecessary and redundant for the purposes of this SWPPP.

**Guidelines for Erosion Control Blankets (ECBs)**
MoDOT ECB Type	Netting	Longevity	Slopes	Soils
Type 1	Single Net, Quickly Degradable	45 – 60 Days	3:1 or Flatter	Clay
Type 2	Single Photodegradable Net	12 Months	3:1 or Flatter	Sandy
Type 3	Double Photodegradable Net	12 – 18 Months	2:1 or Flatter	Clay
Type 4	Double Photodegradable Net	24 Months	2:1 or Flatter	Sandy
Type 5	Double Photodegradable Net	36 Months	1:1 or Flatter	Any

Guidelines for Turf Reinforcement Mats (TRMs)

Type 1 Turf Reinforcement Mat

• Channels: Calculated Shear Stresses of 3.5 lbs/ft² to 6 lbs/ft²

Type 2 Turf Reinforcement Mat

• Channels: Calculated Shear Stresses of 6.1 lbs/ft² to 8 lbs/ft²

Type 3 Turf Reinforcement Mat

• Channels: Calculated Shear Stresses of 8.1 lbs/ft² to 10 lbs/ft²

Type 4 Turf Reinforcement Mat

• Channels: Calculated Shear Stresses of 10.1 lbs/ft² to 14 lbs/ft²

(Note: Use Erosion Control Blanket for Calculated Shear Stresses up to 3.5 lbs/ft² and use Turf Reinforcement Mat for Calculated Shear Stresses of 3.5 lbs/ft² or greater.)

806.8.4.4 Sediment Control Measures

As previously stated, our emphasis on MoDOT projects should be erosion control and focusing on covering up exposed soil, preferably with permanent vegetation, rock, pavement, etc., as soon as practicable in order to protect the soil surface and keep soil particles from dislodging and entering stormwater. While erosion control should be the primary focus, it is important that we back up our erosion control efforts with appropriate and effective sediment control. Sediment control is most effective when we incorporate a system of structural BMPs (treatment train) and we focus our efforts on combatting sediment as close to its source as possible. The following sediment control measures should be used in combination to treat stormwater and minimize sediment loss from MoDOT projects.

806.8.4.4.1 Sediment Basin

A sediment basin is a large sediment capturing device that can be constructed through excavation, or by constructing a dam across a low drainage swale. Sediment basins can be temporary or permanent. Both permanent and temporary basins, with expected prolonged use, should be constructed with rock riprap placed in inlet and outlet areas with defined side slopes (see MoDOT Standard Plan 806.10). Temporary sediment basins intended for short-term use do not have to be constructed according to the MoDOT standard plan, but will always have stabilized outlets consisting of rock, a riser pipe or a surface skimmer (e.g., Faircloth Skimmer®), all designed to discharge water from the surface of the basin. Sediment basins are constructed to trap and store sediment from erodible areas in order to protect properties and stream channels below the installation from excessive siltation. To add additional sediment removal capability to basins, baffles can be designed within the basin to slow stormwater flow and increase treatment time within the basin. Basically, the longer the water takes to get from the inlet of the basin to its outlet, the more effective the treatment and the better the water quality at the outfall.

Sediment basins are required (unless infeasible due to site constraints) when large disturbed areas (>10 acres) concentrate flow to one discharge point, but they should be considered for any disturbed area, 5 acres or greater, which drains to one discharge point. The area where a sediment basin is to be constructed shall be cleared of vegetation to enable removal of sediment. The inlets of these sediment basins shall be constructed with a wide cross-section and minimum grade to prevent turbulence and allow deposition of the soil particles. Upon construction of the basin, the side slopes of the basin should be seeded down with either annual or perennial vegetation or otherwise stabilized to protect the slopes from erosion. When the depth of sediment reaches 1/2 of the depth of the structure in any part of the pool, all accumulation shall be removed. Discharges from the basin shall not cause scouring of the receiving area or stream.

The location of sediment basins will be shown on the plans. Sediment basins should be designed to a sufficient size to contain a volume of at least a 2-year, 24-hour storm for the area draining to the basin, or, if this calculation has not been performed, then a basin should be designed to contain a volume of 3,600 cubic feet per each acre of disturbed area which drains to the basin. Where the use of a sediment basin of sufficient size as described above is impractical it should be documented in the SWPPP and other similarly effective BMPs or system of BMPs must be employed to minimize sediment loss from MoDOT right of way. These similarly effective BMPs or systems could include, but are not limited to sediment traps, ditch checks, type C berms, etc., and the use of appropriate erosion control items to cover up exposed soil. An explanation of why these similarly effective BMPs were selected instead of a basin should be documented in the project SWPPP.

Sediment basins should be installed at the time of clearing and grubbing, and will normally remain in service until all disturbed areas draining into the structure have been satisfactorily stabilized. Once vegetative or other stabilization is achieved, the engineer will determine whether the sediment basin is to remain as a permanent feature. When use of the sediment basins is to be discontinued, all excavations are to be backfilled and properly compacted, fill material removed, and the existing ground restored to its natural or intended condition.

When accumulated sediment is removed from individual BMPs, the excavated material shall be disposed of in locations where sediment will not again erode into the construction areas or into natural waterways.

806.8.4.4.2 Sediment Trap

A sediment trap is a temporary sediment collection structure that is used for sediment control purposes. If properly maintained, the life expectancy of these structures can be approximately 2 years. When practical, sediment traps should be installed prior to land disturbance activities. In situations where long-term maintenance issues are absent, and permanent vegetation has established, sediment traps may be left in place as a permanent structure as long as there is no threat to the natural or human environment.

Sediment traps may be constructed of rock (as per the MoDOT Standard Plans) or other non-erodible material sufficient to temporarily impound water, or may be a simple excavated pit. They are usually placed down grade of a drainage structure or ditch outlet to prevent sediment from leaving MoDOT right of way. Sediment traps may also be constructed by placing a rigid, blocking structure (wood, steel, concrete) across the inlet or upstream opening of a pipe or culvert. This device can be referred to as a culvert block sediment trap (CBST). When using this device, heavy sediment particles will settle in front of the structure and clearer water will pass over the device and through the pipe.

Around larger, more permanent streams, sediment traps should be placed parallel to the stream at each ditch outlet. They will be in place prior to clearing and grubbing operations and shall remain in place until adequate stabilization to prevent erosion (vegetative cover, rock, concrete, etc.) is established upgrade of the structures.

Sediment traps may be dewatered through a single riser pipe, over a stabilized spillway (rock-lined, lined with erosion control blanket or turf reinforcement matting, vegetated), or, where applicable, allowed to filter through the interstices of a constructed rock barrier.

The location of sediment traps will be shown on the inspector's site plans. Accumulated sediment shall be removed from the trap when sediment has accumulated to 1/2 the height of the structure, or if an excavated pit, 1/2 of the original depth. Accumulated sediment removed from the sediment traps shall be disposed of in locations where sediment will not again erode into the construction areas or into natural waterways. Discharges from the sediment trap shall not cause scouring of the receiving area or banks or bottom of the receiving stream.

Traditional rock sediment traps will be constructed in accordance with MoDOT Standard Plan 806.10 and Sec 806.60. Estimated quantities for each trap located on the project will be shown to the nearest cubic yard.

806.8.4.4.3 Ditch Checks

Ditch checks are also considered as erosion control measures.

MoDOT has two categories of ditch checks: rock and alternate ditch checks. These erosion and sediment control structures are typically used when the road ditch has been "cut" or "rough cut" to its final or near final dimensions, before the application of seed and mulch; however, they may also be installed prior to achieving final ditch grade in order to prevent erosion and protect from sediment loss.

Rock Ditch Checks are the predominant ditch check to be used on MoDOT projects. Rock ditch checks can be specified in most drainage areas where ditch slopes are 10 percent or less, and where expected ditch flow volumes and velocities are high (see MoDOT Standard Plan 806.10). For scenarios that exceed the criteria established above, a combination of rock ditch checks and erosion control blankets (ECBs) or turf reinforcement mats (TRMs) should be utilized. (Note: ECBs or TRMs may be designed into and utilized in any ditch or drainage regardless of the criteria outlined in this article.)

Rock ditch checks will typically be composed of rock with a predominant size between 4 in. and 12 inches, but this size may be adjusted to incorporate larger sizes if site conditions warrant. In areas of clay soils, where additional filtration may be needed, the upgrade face of the check can be capped with smaller stone, filter fabric or another approved filtering media.

As a general rule, the last ditch check in a system of ditch checks, prior to discharging from MoDOT right of way, should be a well-constructed rock ditch check or a sediment trap. These devices tend to withstand heavy flows and have a greater volume for impoundment.

Alternate Ditch Checks should be considered as an alternate to rock ditch checks in areas where there are safety concerns for the traveling public or other constraints where there would be concern with installing rock. These devices can typically be used in smaller drainage areas, with ditch slopes of 4 percent or less, and where expected ditch flow volumes and velocities are small (see MoDOT Standard Plan 806.10). These thresholds may be exceeded at the approval of the engineer.

Alternate ditch checks should have an effective height of at least 9 inches and should be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations or as outlined in this SWPPP.

Alternate Ditch Checks can include the following or other engineer approved devices:

Triangular Silt Dike®

EnviroBerm® Porous Sediment Control System (In combo with ECB or TRM)

GeoRidge/GeoRidge Biodegradable (Nilex) (In combo with ECB or TRM)

Compost Filter Berms (1’(H) x 2’(W)) (Covered with biodegradable ECB/TRM)

Sand Bags

Fiber Rolls, Sediment Logs, Compost Filter Socks – staked and > 9” effective height and must be used in combination with ECBs or TRMs as a channel liner beneath.

(IMPORTANT: Straw wattles, straw bales and geotextile silt fence are no longer acceptable as a ditch check BMPs.)

Each type of ditch check (particularly the tubular/cylindrical/triangular products) will have specific directions for installation. In all cases care shall be exercised so as to install the device according to manufacturer specifications. Effectiveness may be compromised if not installed correctly.

Ditch checks shall be placed and constructed according to the plans (see MoDOT Standard Plan 806.10). In some cases local conditions may dictate some deviation from the dimensions and shape that are shown in the Standard Plans; however, deviations from Standard Plans must still ensure that sediment capture and erosion control is occurring.

Ditch checks shall be checked for sediment accumulation after each runoff event. Sediment shall be removed when it reaches 1/2 of the original height, or before. Sediment removal will include removal and disposition in a location where it will not erode into construction areas or watercourses. Inspections shall be made to ensure that the center of the check is lower than the edges. This will ensure that water overflow will be directed into the middle of the roadway ditch. Erosion caused by high flows around the edges of the ditch check shall be identified in routine inspections and shall be corrected so as to protect backslopes and inslopes, as well as the effectiveness of the BMP.

Ditch checks shall remain in place until the engineer directs that they be removed once adequate stabilization (vegetative cover, rock, concrete, etc.) upgrade of the structures has been achieved in accordance with the permit. Upon removal, the contractor shall remove and dispose of any excess silt accumulations, grade and dress the area to the satisfaction of the engineer, and establish stabilization on all bare areas. As a general rule for rock ditch checks, once the area has reached final stabilization, any collected sediment should be removed and rock ditch checks can be graded out within the ditch line, serving a similar purpose as a liner. In rare cases, rock ditch checks may remain in place permanently, and resultant accumulated sediment shall be allowed to develop vegetative cover as a permanent feature of the right of way. Similarly, biodegradable structures and their accumulated sediment may be allowed to remain in place if the engineer determines that removal will destabilize the ditch. In cases of compost, mulch, etc. filled checks, the wooden stakes should be pulled and the biodegradable netting cut to encourage more rapid degradation. If the netting is non-biodegradable, the netting shall be cut and removed along with the stakes, but the biodegradable filling may be left to decompose.

806.8.4.4.4 Silt Fence (MO Specifications Sec 624 and 1011)

Use of a silt fence consists of furnishing, installing, maintaining, and removing a geotextile barrier fence designed to remove suspended particles from water passing through the fence. Silt fence is a temporary sediment control measure. Materials used for silt fences must meet certain requirements.

There are several construction requirements for silt fences. Fence construction shall be adequate to handle the stress from hydraulic and sediment loading. Geotextile at the bottom of the fence shall be buried. The trench shall be backfilled and the soil compacted over the geotextile. The geotextile shall be spliced together as indicated on the standard drawings (see MoDOT MoDOT Standard Plan 806.10).

As a general rule, geotextile silt fence, especially non-wire reinforced geotextile silt fence, should not be used as inlet protection, particularly around culvert and drop inlets where high volume, concentrated flows are expected, except in the instance described in EPG 806.8.4.4.6 Inlet Controls. Geotextile silt fence is also not appropriate for use as ditch checks.

Post spacing shall not exceed 8 ft. for wire-backed fence installations or 5 ft. for self-supported installations. Posts shall be driven a minimum of 24 in. into the ground. Where rock is encountered, posts shall be installed in a manner approved by the engineer, or another alternative BMP may be selected. Closer spacing, greater embedment depth and/or wider posts shall be used as necessary in low areas and soft or swampy ground to ensure adequate resistance to applied loads. In low swales, where concentrated flows may form, consider using a ditch check in lieu of silt fence. If heavy sediment or runoff loading is expected against the silt fence, the use of metal “T” posts should be considered in lieu of wooden post stakes.

When wire support fence is used, the support wire shall be fastened securely to the up-slope side of the post. The support wire shall extend into the trench a minimum of 2 in. and extend a maximum of 36 inches above the original ground surface. When self-supported fence is used, the geotextile shall be securely fastened to fence posts.

When silt fence is used as a perimeter sediment control device it will generally be installed at the time of clearing and grubbing, and must be maintained for as long as necessary to contain sediment from runoff. Silt fence should be installed on the contour when possible to prevent overtopping or overloading at single points. If it is run down a grade, parallel to runoff flow, J-hooks should be installed into the silt fence system to dissipate energy and capture runoff so as to not overwhelm the system at a low point. All silt fences shall be inspected as part of MODOT’s routine inspections. It is also recommended that casual daily inspections be made during periods of prolonged rainfall.

In addition, review of the location of silt fences should be made in areas where construction activities have changed the natural contour and drainage runoff to ensure that the silt fences are properly located for effectiveness. Where deficiencies exist, additional silt fences, or another appropriate BMP shall be installed as approved or directed by the engineer. If silt fence is no longer necessary in an area, it should be removed to negate maintenance and liability.

Sediment deposits shall be removed and disposed of when the deposit approaches 1/2 the height of the fence or sooner. If required by heavy sediment loading, a second silt fence shall be installed as directed by the engineer. Installation of a second silt fence will sometimes preclude sediment cleanout or repair to the original silt fence. In such cases the damaged silt fence will be removed at project close out when other temporary BMPs are removed.

The silt fence shall remain in place until areas that drain to the fencing are stabilized in accordance with the permit and the engineer directs that it be removed. Upon removal, the contractor shall remove and dispose of any excess silt accumulations, grade and dress the area to the satisfaction of the engineer, and establish vegetation on all bare areas. Biodegradable silt fence (such as some of the example products listed below) need not be removed. If the engineer determines that silt fence shall remain in place for a period of time after the job is closed out, arrangements will be made by MoDOT Construction personnel for the contractor or MoDOT Maintenance personnel to remove the fence once the area is sufficiently stabilized in accordance with the permit.

At the discretion of the engineer the following product examples or other approved BMPs may be substituted for perimeter geotextile silt fence. These devices should be installed in accordance with manufacturer recommendations. In the case of the wattles, socks and log devices, if practical and possible, a cradle trench should be created to lay the product in to ensure proper contact with the ground surface. This may not be appropriate if installing these devices in areas with existing grass cover, such as yards, or in areas with shallow utilities or bedrock beneath; however, care should be taken to ensure flush contact with the ground surface. Thought should also be put into product choice based on expected longevity, as some devices listed below will decompose or break down more quickly than others, and may require replacement or multiple replacements during the life of a job. In general, perimeter silt fence installations should have a minimum of 9” in effective height unless site conditions warrant a higher or lower effective height.

Example Products:

Sediment STOP

Terra-Tubes

Sediment Logs, Wattles

Compost Filter Socks/Berms

Triangular Silt Dike

806.8.4.4.5 Rock/Mesh Sediment Control Fence and Inlet Protection Device

In situations when higher velocity stormwater flows are expected around the perimeter of a construction site, a rock/mesh sediment control fence should be installed in lieu of geotextile or other silt fence applications. This device is constructed using a 4 ft. wire mesh (hardware cloth – 24 gauge, ¼ in. openings) folded in half to form a 90° angle. This mesh is then wired to, and supported by 5 ft. metal “T” posts spaced 3 ft. apart and driven approximately 2 ft. into the ground. Lastly, a layer of #5 or #57 stone is placed against the mesh, with a minimum height of 12 in., but preferably 18 inches.

Use this device in lieu of other silt fence applications at the toe of fill sections, especially along streams and wetlands and in other areas where there is insufficient right of way to construct better impoundment devices, such as sediment basins or sediment traps. As with silt fence applications, the sediment control fence should be placed perpendicular to stormwater flow, allowing the water to pass either over or through the rock/mesh sediment control fence, never around it.

This same device can be modified for use around drop inlets, creating a closed ring or box around the inlet opening using the same installation guidelines outlined above.

Rock/mesh sediment control fences shall be inspected during weekly and post-runoff inspections for structural damage, undercutting, sediment buildup, or lack of drainage due to sediment clogged stone. Sediment deposits shall be removed and disposed of when the deposit approaches 1/2 the height of the fence or sooner. Accumulated sediment removed from the fence shall be disposed of in locations where sediment will not again erode into the construction areas or into natural waterways. Also, if the filter stone becomes sediment-clogged and no longer serves as a filter, it may be appropriate to replace it with new stone.

The rock/mesh sediment control fence shall remain in place until areas that drain to the fencing are stabilized and the engineer directs that it be removed. Upon removal, the contractor shall remove and dispose of any excess sediment accumulations, grade and dress the area to the satisfaction of the engineer, and establish vegetation on all bare areas. If the engineer determines that sediment control fence shall remain in place for a period of time after the job is closed out, arrangements will be made by MoDOT Construction personnel for the contractor or MoDOT Maintenance personnel to remove the fence once the area is sufficiently stabilized.

806.8.4.4.6 Inlet Controls

Storm drain (culvert, drop or curb) inlet protection measures prevent soil and debris from entering storm drain inlets. Temporary inlet protection is implemented at existing inlets prior to land disturbance, and new inlets are to be protected as they are put into service. Effective storm drain inlet protection must be provided for all inlets susceptible to receiving sediment throughout the project until all sources with potential for discharging to an inlet have been paved or stabilized. At that time inlet controls can be removed.

As the conditions or operations change during a project, the sediment control BMP protecting the storm drain inlet may need to be modified to ensure proper effectiveness for sediment filtration and capture. Also, limiting the amount of sediment entering a storm sewer will reduce the need to clean out pipes at the end of the project.

The following types of items are generally considered for use as inlet protection:

Curb Inlet Protection:

Sand Bags/Rock Socks
Wattles/Compost Filter Socks/Fiber Rolls/Sediment Logs, etc.
Various Filter Inserts (e.g., but not limited to, Silt Saver Inlet Filter & Big Red Curb Inlet Protector, Dandy Products (Bag, Sack, Pop, Curb, Curb Bag, Curb Sack))
Wood, Steel or Other Barricades

Drop or Pipe/Box Inlet Protection (Should have 9 in. effective height):

Rock/Mesh Inlet Check (NEW – see EPG 806.8.4.4.5 Rock/Mesh Sediment Control Fence and Inlet Protection Device)
Rock Ditch Checks
Triangular Silt Dike®
Sand Bags
Compost Filter Berms
Various Filter Inserts (e.g., but not limited to, Silt Saver Inlet Filter and Big Red Area Inlet Protector, Dandy Products (Bag, Sack, Pop, Curb, Curb Bag, Curb Sack))
Wood (CBST, as discussed in [[#806.8.4.4.2 Sediment Trap|EPG 806.8.4.4.2 Sediment Trap), Steel or Other Barricades

(Note: Item selection may vary depending on the type and design of inlet to be protected and careful consideration should be made with inlet protection to ensure any impounded water will not flood streets, buildings, homes, etc..)

As a general rule, geotextile silt fence, especially non-reinforced geotextile silt fence, should not be used as inlet protection, particularly around culvert and drop inlets where high volume, concentrated flows are expected. An exception to this is if a constructed wood or steel frame is erected around the inlet and this frame is then wrapped with geotextile material. In this application, it is recommended for additional support and protection that wire reinforcement be wrapped around the frame and then the geotextile applied over the wire.

Each type of inlet control device (particularly the tubular/cylindrical/triangular products) will have specific directions for installation. In all cases care shall be exercised so as to install the device according to the manufacturer's specifications. Effectiveness may be compromised if not installed correctly.

During construction, elevated curb inlets and median inlets, as well as excavations around inlets, may serve as "riser pipes" as long as they are sufficiently higher (approximately 9 in. or more) than the existing grade. Sediment that accumulates at the base of the riser pipe following stormwater events shall be removed when it reaches 1/2 of the original height of the riser pipe. Once the desired grade has been achieved and the inlet becomes flush to that grade, subsequent inlet protection is required.

806.8.4.4.7 Temporary Berms — Sediment Control

Type C berms are specified at the toes of spill slopes around bridge construction operations and will usually be constructed to the specified dimension (see MoDOT Standard Plan 806.10). However, dimensions may deviate from those shown on the standard drawings based on site limitations. Also, the straw layer or erosion control blanket may be removed if the character of the rock material is sufficient to prohibit contaminated water from reaching the stream. Installation will generally precede land disturbance activities, unless some clearing is necessary in order to gain access to the site. Type C Berms must be installed above the regulatory "ordinary high water mark" and will be installed at the location specified by the engineer. The structure may be permanent or temporary depending on the ultimate desired use of the right of way beneath the bridge. If the Type C Berm is removed, material may be used for bank stabilization, or other construction use. Bank stabilization will be in accordance with Section 404 permit. Type C Berms shall be checked for sediment accumulation after each runoff event. Sediment shall be removed when it reaches 1/2 of the original height or before. Sediment removal will include removal and disposition in a location where it will not erode into construction areas or watercourses.

(Note: Oftentimes temporary stream crossings are used in proximity to Type C berms. These crossings can cause gaps in the berm for equipment passage, which could potentially be a conduit for sediment delivery to the waterbody. Use caution when using these two practices in the same location and assure adequate protection of the waterbody. Refer to EPG 806.8.4.3.6 Temporary Pipes and Temporary Construction Crossings for more information.)

Type A Berms may be used as a temporary perimeter control structure where slopes are less than 2% and permanent vegetation is present on the downgrade side of the structure. They will be constructed to specified dimensions (see MoDOT Standard Plan 806.10) and will be machine compacted with a minimum of one pass over the entire width of the berm with a dozer tread, grader wheel, etc. When used as a perimeter control BMP, weekly (and post-rainfall) monitoring will be necessary to identify breeches. Removal of Type A Berms will occur when grading operations cease and final contours are achieved. Removal will usually occur just before the application of seed and mulch or other soil stabilization measures.

806.8.4.4.8 Compost Filter Berms (Mulch Berms Included)

A compost filter berm is a temporary dike of compost or a compost product that is placed perpendicular to sheet flow runoff to control erosion in disturbed areas and retain sediment. It can be used in place of a traditional sediment and erosion control tool such as silt fence. As such these berms are installed at the time of clearing and grubbing and will remain in place throughout construction. Composts used in filter berms are made from a variety of feedstocks, including municipal yard trimmings, food residuals, separated municipal solid waste, biosolids, wood chips, and manure.

Compost filter berms are generally placed along the perimeter of a site, or at intervals along a slope, to capture sediment from sheet flow. A filter berm can also be used as a check dam in small drainage ditches as described in EPG 806.8.4.4.3 Ditch Checks.

Post-construction removal is not required because, by definition, they are biodegradable and temporary. However, unvegetated berms are often broken down once construction is complete and the compost is sometimes spread around the site as a soil amendment or mulch.

806.8.4.4.9 Brush Pile Checks/Barriers

Brush pile checks or barriers are considered to be temporary BMPs that can be effective during clearing and grubbing operations. Piled and compressed tree tops, limbs, stumps and other vegetation, when placed in a "non-jurisdictional" drainage swale or around the perimeter of a land disturbance site, can effectively impound gravel, soil and other eroded materials that otherwise may be carried off of MoDOT right of way during runoff periods. To be effective, brush piles should be compressed tight to the ground by clearing equipment at the time of installation so there is no void beneath. Brush checks and barriers are only intended to operate as stand-alone BMPs for a very short time period during initial clearing and grubbing, and should be bolstered by the installation of additional supportive measures upgrade or downgrade of the structures, such as sediment basins, sediment traps, ditch checks, etc., as soon as practicable. When these other devices are installed, the brush check/barrier may be left in place as additional filtration, if permissible, or removed.

Like other BMPs, brush piles should be inspected during required inspections to ensure that they are functioning as intended. Initial inspections following rainfall will determine their ability to impound water and sediment. If the brush pile is intended to serve as a longer term sediment control structure for an extended period of time beyond the clearing and grubbing stage, clean out and maintenance equivalent to that required for ditch checks is required.

After land disturbance has been completed, removal should be discussed before heavy equipment leaves the site. In rural situations, and where maintenance issues are absent, the brush pile may be abandoned and left to decompose on its own.

806.8.4.4.10 Straw Bales (MO Specifications Sec 802)

The use of straw bales as sediment control devices should be avoided on MoDOT projects. However, due to the extremely short duration of the operation and the nature of the discharge, straw bales can be used as checks to control discharge slurry from diamond grinding operations as described in EPG 806.8.11 Diamond Grinding and Other Surface Treatments. During diamond grinding operations, the straw bales are typically used in concert with other BMPs, including non-structural BMPs such as existing vegetation or mulch.

In these situations, bales of straw can be installed as ditch checks and used as a temporary means of controlling pollution by obstructing the flow of the slurry and allowing deposition of the fine cement particles. The bales should be properly staked and extend far enough up the inslope and backslope to sufficiently impound the discharge slurry. The integrity of straw bales must be maintained for as long as they are necessary to contain the slurry. When no longer necessary to control pollution, the bales and other temporary BMPs associated with diamond grinding operations should be removed.

806.8.5 Disturbed Areas

Project plans that are discussed in EPG 806.8.2 Site Description will identify those areas that will be cleared and graded as part of the highway development project. The plans will also identify areas that are not to be disturbed. Both disturbance and do not disturb areas are generally staked in the field.

On areas of the site where soil disturbing activities will cease and are not planned to resume for a period exceeding 14 calendar days, temporary stabilization must be initiated immediately upon knowing of the 14-day cessation, and must be completed within 7 calendar days. On portions of the project where slopes are greater than 3:1 (1V:3H), or greater than 3% and longer than 150 ft., all temporary stabilization must be completed within 7 days of ceasing operations. Temporary stabilization may include, but is not limited to the installation of sediment basins, check dams, sediment fences, and mulch; however, the preferred method of stabilization is seed and mulch.

Seeding and/or mulching will be a continuous operation on all cut and fill slopes, excess material sites, and borrow areas during the construction process.

All disturbed areas should be seeded and mulched or otherwise stabilized when and where necessary to eliminate erosion. Seeding and/or mulching shall be done as soon as possible after completion of the earthwork and preparation of the seedbed, weather permitting.

Whenever clearing, grading, excavating or other earth disturbing activities have permanently ceased on a portion of the site, final stabilization must be initiated immediately and completed within 7 calendar days. Final stabilization can be achieved by covering disturbed areas with pavement, buildings or other structures, perennial vegetation or non-erodible materials such as adequately sized rock. With respect to areas that have been seeded, vegetation cover must be at least 70% plant density with uniform coverage over 100% of the disturbed area.

For the purposes of this section, allowances to the 7-day completion period for temporary and permanent stabilization may be made due to inclement weather or adverse site conditions. If utilized, these allowances must be properly documented in the project SWPPP, including pictures.

The following types of activities will constitute initiation of stabilization (this list is not exhaustive):

Prepping the soil for vegetative or non-vegetative stabilization
Applying mulch or other non-vegetative product to the exposed area
Seeding or planting the exposed area
Starting any of the above activities on a portion of the area to be stabilized, but not on the entire area
Finalizing arrangements to have stabilization product fully installed in compliance with the applicable deadline for completing stabilization

Note: the term “immediately” in this subarticle means as soon as practicable, but no later than the end of the next work day, following the day when the earth-disturbing activities have temporarily or permanently ceased.

806.8.6 Installation and Removal

The contractor shall be required to incorporate all permanent erosion control measures into the project at the earliest practicable time. As stated in EPG 806.8.4.1 Construction Requirements, when practical, border, perimeter or outlet BMPs to control runoff from disturbed areas shall be installed or marked for preservation before general site clearing. A limited amount of clearing may be permissible to enable the installation of outlet and perimeter controls. Stormwater discharges from disturbed areas, which leave the site, shall pass through and appropriate impediment prior to leaving the site. It may be necessary to install additional control measures during construction which were not foreseen during the design stage. Temporary erosion control shall also be used when needed prior to installation of permanent erosion control measures or when needed temporarily to control erosion that develops during normal construction practices, but are not associated with permanent control measures on the project.

Temporary BMPs should be removed from the project when areas they are protecting have achieved final stabilization in accordance with the permit. Oftentimes engineers and/or contractors may desire to leave all temporary BMPs in place until project completion and then have one mass removal. Though this practice is not ideal due to increased vulnerability, it is acceptable if the BMPs are continuously inspected and maintained in accordance with the permit until their removal. Also, if the engineer determines that some BMPs shall remain in place for a period of time after the job is closed out, arrangements will be made by MoDOT Construction personnel for the contractor or MoDOT Maintenance personnel to remove the BMPs once the area(s) they are protecting are sufficiently stabilized.

806.8.7 Dewatering

Dewatering of ponds, lakes, coffer dams, pits or excavations associated with construction shall be discussed at the preconstruction conference, and articulated in a written plan, which will outline a method for properly treating the water before it can re-enter a river, stream, pond, lake, wetland, etc. This plan may be amended at any time if changes are necessary.

Standard Specification 107.10.2 requires a dike or appropriate barrier to be placed between the excavation and the stream to prevent sediment from reaching the watercourse. The structural BMPs that are identified in EPG 806.8.4.4 Sediment Control Measures are usually sufficient to remove sediment and similar pollutants prior to discharge of return water. Land application of the discharge water is a viable option when percolation into the subsurface results; however, caution shall be used to ensure that water discharge does not cause the formation of gullies in cases where pumping exceeds percolation.

With the possible exception of drilled shafts in large rivers such as the Missouri or Mississippi, return water shall not be discharged without treatment by BMPs that are approved by the engineer. The amount of return water that is pumped and subsequently discharged should be recorded in the project records and expressed as gallons per minute for the duration of the pumping activity.

806.8.8 Roadways

In order to ensure that sediment is not transported into a situation where it can be delivered off-site, stabilized construction entrances should be used when construction equipment is frequently crossing or entering paved roadways. Stabilized construction entrances should be built with rock of sufficient size to cause mud and dirt to fall off of the tires of the construction equipment. Geotextile fabric may be necessary for placement below the stabilized entrance in some soil conditions to prevent the rock entrance from subsiding into the soil. In muddy situations, the voids between the rocks will always fill up with soil particles and as such, additional stone will need to be applied periodically and when repair is required.

The purpose of the stabilized entrance is to reduce the amount of sediment that will be transported onto the driving surface. However, the driving surface at the point of the active crossing cannot remain clean without additional measures such as sweeping or grading.

Because it is impossible to eliminate all trackout of soil particles, inspections should ensure that sediment control measures downgrade from the area of trackout are in good operating condition, especially inlet controls.

On projects where there is one primary construction entrance/exit and a large volume of equipment is expected to pass through this point, a more structural BMP may be appropriate to handle the volume of sediment. If this is the case, rumble strips, cattle guards, or wheel wash stations may be employed to effectively remove sediment. In these situations, routine maintenance will be needed to remove accumulated sediment from beneath and/or around these structures. If a wheel wash system is used, wash water should be channeled to a constructed sediment trap for treatment, unless the system has the capability to recycle the wash water. Just as with other sediment traps, once installed, the location of the trap will be shown on the inspector's site plans. Accumulated sediment shall be removed from the trap when the accumulation reaches 1/2 the height of the structure, or if an excavated pit is used, 1/2 of the original depth.

When accumulated sediment is removed from these BMPs, the material shall be disposed of in locations where sediment will not erode into the construction areas or into natural waterways.

806.8.9 Amending/Updating the Project Plans

Erosion control plans are prepared by MoDOT designers and/or consultants. There should generally be two sets of plans developed. One set should be developed to depict existing site topography with outfall and perimeter protection BMPs such as sediment basins, sediment traps, Type C berms, silt fence, etc., that will need to be installed prior to starting land disturbance of the site. The second set will generally show final structural BMPs that are envisioned upon completion of final grading. However, due to project phasing, all of these devices will not be installed until needed, based on site conditions. Therefore, for protection, note on erosion and sediment control sheets that all devices will be installed as necessary based on the discretion of project personnel. Also, create a legend for installation and removal of BMPs and highlight and date devices as they are installed or removed. It is important that SWPPP plans reflect BMPs that are actually on the ground at any given time and so plan sheets shall be properly updated each time BMP additions and/or removals take place on the project.

Example erosion and sediment control site plans can be found in Fig. 806.8.9.

The engineer shall require modifications to the erosion and sediment controls whenever the:

Design of the construction project has changed in a fashion that could impact the quality of storm water discharges;
MoDOT inspections indicate deficiencies in individual BMPs;
MDNR/EPA notifies MoDOT of erosion and sediment control deficiencies on site;
Erosion and sediment controls are determined to be ineffective in significantly minimizing or controlling erosion and sedimentation;
MDNR determines violations of Water Quality Standards have occurred.

806.8.10 Site Inspections and Reports

The resident engineer or inspector is responsible for environmental matters on MoDOT projects. As such, the engineer or inspector shall routinely inspect the condition of erosion and sediment controls and, if allowable due to right-of-way constraints, the receiving streams shall be inspected for off-site sediment deposits for 50 feet downstream of project outfalls. Routine inspections are to be conducted at a frequency of once every 7 calendar days. Additional post-runoff inspections must occur within 48 hours if the runoff event ceases during a normal work day and within 72 hours, on the next business day, if the runoff event ceases during a non-work day such as weekends or state recognized holidays. A runoff event is defined as an event that causes runoff to occur on the job site and could result from rainfall or snow or ice melt. If there are consecutive days of measurable rainfall and/or runoff, these can be considered one event and precipitation totals should be tracked on a daily basis and an event total recorded. Since these consecutive days are considered to be one event, a post-runoff inspection should be done after the rain/runoff ceases; however, general observations should be made daily, especially with regard to outfall BMPs, to ensure BMPs are performing to the desired level. If rainfall or snow/ice melt is not sufficient to cause runoff, inspection reports may not be completed until the next required 7-day inspection. The engineer or inspector will keep a log of all inspections made on the project. Refer to Form 806.8.10, MoDOT Land Disturbance Inspection Record.

The engineer or inspector will ensure that rainfall measurements are made for the job site and routinely monitor weather forecasts to recognize when predicted weather may threaten the construction site and when runoff has occurred. If the weather forecasts indicate storms may impact the project site, project personnel should evaluate whether or not the site has adequate BMP protection and is prepared to receive runoff.

Areas of the project that meet the final stabilization requirements (i.e., 70% permanent vegetative cover over 100% of the area, rock covered, paved, etc.) no longer require inspection, but casual observations should be made to ensure erosion problems do not arise.

The engineer or inspector shall notify the contractor within 24 hours if any controls are found to be improperly installed, in disrepair, or are not functioning at the desired level of effectiveness. Any deficiencies noted are to be corrected within seven calendar days; however, the engineer and other MODOT inspectors may require immediate attention and issue various directives by other means discussed in EPG 806.8.1 Introduction to the Stormwater Permit and SWPPP. Directives to the contractor shall be noted in project records, which shall be available for review by DNR upon request. In instances where weather conditions make it impossible to correct deficiencies within 7 days, the engineer or inspector will document site conditions in the inspection reports. This documentation will include a written description and pictures illustrating the adverse conditions. As soon as weather and site conditions become favorable, corrections to deficient BMPs shall be made.

MoDOT performs environmental compliance training for construction site inspectors, resident engineers, designers and other personnel, including contractors and consultants, to ensure that erosion control inspections are being conducted in a consistent fashion statewide. The individual who performs the training is organizationally located in MoDOT’s Environmental and Historic Preservation Section and does not have supervisory authority over the construction personnel who perform inspections. However, the same individual who performs training has the responsibility of performing statewide audits of construction sites to ensure that SWPPPs are being followed to the extent that off-site contamination does not occur. This individual will usually visit every construction site at least once per year and meet with MoDOT resident engineers, inspectors or contractors to evaluate the land disturbance elements of the project and to ensure consistency of inspections. In cases where deficiencies are identified, the resident engineer or inspector has the responsibility to see that the deficiencies are corrected.

(Note: There are scenarios associated with the use of borrow and excess (waste) disposal areas, as well as portable plants, when the contractor may be responsible for site inspections. Please refer to Fig. 806.8.1 MoDOT/Contractor Responsibility for inspection responsibilities in these scenarios.)

806.8.11 Diamond Grinding and Other Surface Treatments

Although diamond grinding, grooving, and other pavement surface and bridge deck treatments are not land disturbance activities, the fine material that is removed from the driving surface will become suspended in discharge water and has the potential to contaminate nearby streams if not sufficiently managed. The following shall be considered the minimum requirements for performing this work within the project limits in addition to Sec 622 and EPG 622.2.1 Construction Inspection for Diamond Grinding of Existing Portland Cement Concrete Pavement .

The contractor shall submit to the engineer for approval in writing prior to the pre-construction meeting, the best management practices (BMPs) to be used to protect the environment, including the method of disposal whether on right of way or off-site.

The preferred BMP for slurry management is land application on MoDOT right of way. When slurry is dispersed on the right of way, BMPs shall be installed to keep slurry residue from entering drainage structures, from entering any waterways and from leaving the right of way.

Prior to starting work, slurry or residue “no discharge zones” will be identified by the engineer with respect to the contractor’s approved BMP and residue disposal plan. Special provisions and restrictions will apply when operating in proximity to streams, wetlands, sensitive species habitat and in karst (landscapes with caves) and groundwater recharge areas.

The engineer may suspend operations during periods of rainfall or during freezing temperatures.

806.8.12 Concrete Washout

Concrete washout BMPs should be established in designated areas for all projects where concrete production or delivery is occurring. Inspectors should ensure that concrete washout is not occurring in non-designated areas of the project site. These washouts are used to contain residual concrete, concrete associated liquids and the wash water from cleaning trucks, hoppers and chutes, which typically have a high pH and could contain other chemical additives. Washout BMPs can be non-leaking plastic or bentonite lined pits, a straw bale enclosure lined with plastic, a storage tank or prefabricated BMP or other structure approved by the engineer or inspector. In karst regions of the state, such as the Ozarks, extra care should be taken to ensure proper lining of earthen pits, as cracks and fissures within the bedrock could allow for direct pollution of ground water. Designated washout areas should be located at least 50 feet away from storm drains, ditches, streams or other water bodies. Washouts should be monitored like other BMPs to ensure there are no leaks and that they are operating effectively. They should be cleaned out when they reach 75% of their design capacity. Care should be taken to ensure these structures do not overflow during storm events.

Upon completion of concrete washout on the project, the engineer or inspector should ensure proper disposal of washout materials. Washout liquids can be allowed to evaporate or be pumped out and properly disposed of. They cannot be discharged into storm drains, ditches, streams or other water bodies. Dried concrete can be broken up and used as clean fill on the project, recycled or properly disposed of by other means.

806.8.13 Turbidity Removal and Advanced Treatment Systems

Water clarification and the removal of turbidity will usually require the addition of flocculants, polymers, polyacrylamides (PAM), chitosan and other chemicals that cause soil particles to bind together, become heavy and settle to the bottom of a sediment trap or sediment basin.

Since settling of flocculated soil particles requires very slow moving (still) water, natual and chemical additives should never be introduced into an outfall BMP where water leaves MODOT right of way. In all cases where flocculants are used to reduce turbidity it is essential to include a sediment basin or sediment trap and a ditch liner or ditch check apron that prohibits additional erosion on the downgrade side of the ditch check.

The following Advanced Treatment Systems are options for use in MODOT projects where turbidity removal is required:

Flocculant logs and flocculant flats that are installed directly in a ditch, pipe or culvert upgrade from a sediment basin or sediment trap.

Flocculant treated ditch checks (i.e. fiber rolls, or compost socks/logs) that have been installed upgrade from a sediment basin or sediment trap.

Flocculant treated rock ditch checks installed upgrade from a sediment basin or sediment trap.

Geo ridge ditch checks with attached flocculant bags, installed upgrade from a sediment basin or sediment trap.

Addition of granular flocculants directly into a ditch, upgrade from a sediment basin or sediment trap.

Erosion control blankets and turf reinforcement mats that have been inoculated with flocculants, and installed upgrade from a sediment basin or sediment trap.

Chemical Stabilizers

Chemical stabilizers, also known as soil binders or soil palliatives, provide temporary soil stabilization. Various products are sprayed onto the surface of exposed soils to hold the soil in place and minimize erosion from runoff and wind. These materials are easily applied to the surface of the soil, can stabilize areas where vegetation cannot be established, and provide immediate protection.

Use chemical stabilizers alone in areas where other methods of stabilization are not effective because of environmental constraints, or use them in combination with vegetative or perimeter practices to enhance erosion and sediment control.

Closely follow the manufacturer's recommended application procedures to prevent the products from pooling and creating impervious areas where stormwater cannot infiltrate.

Inspect chemically stabilized areas regularly for signs of erosion, and if necessary, reapply the stabilizer.